Electric vehicle batteries nickel iron

Figure 4.14 280A h nickel-iron electric vehicle battery (Courtesy of Eagle Picher)... 

Because the nickel—iron cell system has a low cell voltage and high cost compared to those of the lead—acid battery, lead—acid became the dorninant automotive and industrial battery system except for heavy-duty appHcations. Renewed interest in the nickel—iron and nickel—cadmium systems, for electric vehicles started in the mid-1980s using other cell geometries. 

Nickel-Hydrogen, Nickel-Iron, and Nickel-Metal Hydride. First developed for communication satellites in the early 1970s, nickel-hydrogen batteries are durable, require low maintenance, and have a long life expectancy. The major disadvantage is the high initial cost. For these batteries to be a viable option for electric vehicles, mass production techniques will have to be developed to reduce the cost. 

Batteries based on the iron-nickel oxide system are now being developed for electric vehicle applications. These use fibre-plaque electrodes, as described above for the nickel-cadmium system, and incorporate electrolyte circulation systems to permit removal of gases evolved during charge... 

Performance Characteristics. The sintered nickel-sintered iron design battery has outstanding power characteristics at all states of discharge. making them attractive to the design of electric vehicles (EV) which must accelerate with traffic even when almost completely discharged. 

Feduska W, Rosy R (1980) An advanced technology Iron-Nickel battery Fot electric vehicle propulsion. In Proceedings of the 15th lECEC, Seattle, p 1192... 

Hudson R, Broglio E (1980) Development of nickel-iron battery system for electric vehicle propulsion. In Proceedings of the 29th power sources conference. Electrochemical Society, Pennington... 

W. Eeduska and R. Rosey, An Advrmced Technology Iron-Nickel Battery for Electric Vehicle Propulsion, Proc. 15th lECEC, Seattle, Aug. 1980, p. 1192. 

R. Hudson and E. BrogUo, Development of the Nickel-Iron Battery System for Electric Vehicle Propulsion, Proc. 29th Power Sources Conf., Electrochemical Society, Pennington, N.J., 1980. 

The main interest in high temperature batteries such as lithium/iron sulfide, sodium/ sulfur, and sodium/nickel chloride is for electric vehicle applications due to their high specific power and energy possibilities. The replacement of the liquid lithium electrode with a solid LiAl alloy alleviated many of the safety concerns that plagued the other two systems, which are based on a liquid sodium electrode. In 1991, the United States Advanced Battery Consortium (USABC) selected the bipolar molten-salt LiAl/FeS2 battery to be developed as... 

Nickel-iron batteries have been used in various stationary and mobile applications for more than 70 y in the USA and Europe until the 1980s. Then, the iron-based batteries were largely supplanted by sealed lead-acid batteries. Because of their high specific energy, iron-air batteries again underwent active development for electric vehicles and military applications in the 1970s, but this was discontinued after 1984 (21). 

The nickel-iron system may suffer the disadvantage of being a vented system, which will require periodic maintenance. However, the cost advantage is significant in this system s favour. Combining a projected cost of 50-100/kWh with extremely long cycle life, this system could offer an economical type of battery for use in electric vehicles. 

N. Omar, M. Daowd, G. Mulder, J.M. Timmermans, P. Van den Bossche, J. Van Mierlo, S. Pauwels, Assessment of Performance of Lithium Iron Phosphate Oxide, Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide and nickel cobalt aluminum oxide Based cells for Using in Plug-In Battery Electric, VPPC International Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference, Chicago (IL), USA, 2011. 

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