Lithium/iron sulfide

Lithium Iron Sulfide (High Temperature). High-temperature molten salt Li—Al/LiCl— KCl/FeS - cells are known for their high energy density and superior safety. At one point they were being actively pursued for electric vehicle and pulse-power applications. Historically, boron nitride (BN) cloth or felt has been used as the separator in flooded-electrolyte cells, while MgO pressed-powder plaques have been used in starved-electrolyte cells. 

The 1.5 V lithium iron sulfide system competes directly with the alkaline manganese system for high-performance electronic applications. It gives better high-rate performance than the alkaline manganese system. The other main commercial systems are the 3 V lithium carbon monofluoride (Li-CFx) system, and the lithium manganese dioxide (Li-Mn02) system. 

FIGURE 10.9 Construction of the lithium iron sulfide cell. (Courtesy of Eveready Battery Co., St Louis, MO. With permission.)... 

Kaun T. D., Kilsdonk D. J., in Lithium/Iron Sulfide Batteries for Electric Vehicle Propulsion and Other Applications, Progress Report for October 1978-September 1980, Argonne National Laboratory Report A.N.L. 80-128/1981, p. 156. 

Among high-temperature batteries, the lithium-iron sulfide systems are reasonably safe, although there are some hazards connected with the 450-500°C operating temperature. The sodium-sulfur-system impact failure hazards are primarily connected with the possibility of SO2 emissions, sodium oxide dust, and fires resulting from sodium exposure to moisture. 

Figure 3. Charge-discharge records for lithium-iron sulfide cells with graphite and ceramic cases...

Examples Calcium/Tungstic Oxide, Calcium/ Calcium Chromate, Lithium/Iron Sulfide. 

Lithium-Iron Sulfide and Lithium-Iron Disulfide ... 

The alkaline ceU wUl deliver essentially its fuU capacity under similar conditions. The main competition for the alkaline cell is the lithium-iron sulfide (Li-FeS2) cell. It has an open-circuit voltage of 1.5 V, better high-rate capability, and better shelf life. However it is available only in the AA- and AAA-size cells and considerably more expensive than the alkaline cell. To a first approximation, it is estimated that 12-15 billion alkaline cells are sold each year, mainly in developed countries. By comparison, the sales of Leclanche cells are estimated to be 30-35 billion cells worldwide but mainly in developing countries. 

In addition to competition from lower-cost zinc-carbon cells, the AA-size alkaline cell has experienced significant competition from the more expensive rechargeable nickel-metal hydride (Ni-MH) and nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd) cells and the lithium-iron sulfide primary cell (Li-FeS2) because of their excellent high-rate... 

Lithium-iron sulfide 1.6 Lithium foil FeSj LiCFjSOj or LiC104... 

Zinc-air cells are much cheaper than lithium cells, despite the benefits of zinc-air fuel cells or battery packs. Some EVs and HEVs manufacturers are investigating other battery packs, such as lithium-iron-sulfide, lithium-manganese, and nickel-zinc battery packs as shown in Figure 4.6. 

The main high-temperature battery systems are the sodium/beta and lithium/iron sulfide systems ... 

The lithium/iron sulfide rechargeable battery system is another high-temperature system and must be operated above 400°C so that the salt mixture (LiCl-KCl) used as an electrolyte remains molten (see Chapter 41). The negative electrode is lithium, which is alloyed with aluminum or silicon, and the positive electrode can be either iron monosulfide or iron disulfide. No development is being performed on these technologies at this time because room temperature battery systems are showing comparable performance. 

TABLE 41.1 Major Advantages and Disadvantages of Bipolar Lithium/iron Sulfide CeUs and Batteries... 

The main interest in high temperature batteries such as lithium/iron sulfide, sodium/ sulfur, and sodium/nickel chloride is for electric vehicle applications due to their high specific power and energy possibilities. The replacement of the liquid lithium electrode with a solid LiAl alloy alleviated many of the safety concerns that plagued the other two systems, which are based on a liquid sodium electrode. In 1991, the United States Advanced Battery Consortium (USABC) selected the bipolar molten-salt LiAl/FeS2 battery to be developed as... 

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