Lithium iron phosphate

Yang, S., Song, Y, Zavalij. P.Y., and Whittingham, M.S. 2002. Reactivity, stability and electrochemical behavior of lithium iron phosphates. Electrochemistry Communications 4, 239-244. 

Various materials are used for production of the three main components of a lithium ion battery. Research and development of these materials is where the automotive chemist is severely needed. The main components of the battery are the electrolyte, cathode, and anode. For the cost imperative, graphite is used most often in the anode. The cathode is typically a layered lithium cobalt oxide, lithium iron phosphate, or lithium manganese oxide. Other materials, such as TiS2, have been used [18]. Of course, properties vary depending on the choice of anode, cathode, electrolyte, etc. 

The cathode of new car batteries is manufactured with carbon-coated lithium iron phosphate (C-LiFeP04). The target lifetime of the battery is 10 yr. An accelerated test was developed to assess manufacturing steps in which one month is equivalent to 1 yr. If the standard deviation of the catalyst life in the accelerated test is 1.4 month, what is the probability that the battery will last longer than 8 yr ... 

When lithium is inserted into such materials as lithium iron phosphate, a separate phase of lithium iron phosphate is formed that is insoluble in the initial lithium iron phosphate ... 

Of interest are HSCs, in which the active anode material and material of support for the cathode is graphene and the cathode material is lithium iron phosphate LiFeP04 (or some other substance intercalating lithium) that is used as the cathodic material in lithium ion batteries (LIBs). Such HSCs contain nonaqueous electrolytes, for example, 1M LiPFg/EC-fDM. These HSCs have considerably higher power density values but lower energy density values as compared to LIBs. 

Lee, J., and Teja, A. S. (2005). Characteristics of lithium iron phosphate (LiFePOJ particles synthesized in subcritical and supercritical water,... 

Srinivasan V, Newman J (2004) Discharge model Jot the lithium iron-phosphate electrode. J Electrochem Soc 15LA1517-A1529... 

Siid-Chemie invests EUR 60 million in series production of the battery material lithium iron phosphate for electric vehicle drives (12 July, 2010). http //www.marketwire.com/press-release/ Sud-Chemie-Invests-EUR-60-Million-Series-Production-Battery-Material-Lithium-Iron-Phosphate-1288269.htm, (accessed 30.05.13). 

Siid-Chemie and LG Chem to jointly manufacture LFP (December 2011). http //newsroom.clariant. com/sud-chemie-and-lg-chem-to-jointly-manufacture-high-quality-lithium-iron-phosphate-lfp/, (accessed 24.06.2013). 

Nanophosphate lithium iron phosphate battery technology, http //www.al23systems.com/ lithium-iron-phosphate-battery.htm, (accessed 11.09.12). 

The BAE Systems HybriDrive with Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) Battery. 184... 

Figure 9.1 illustrates the electric drive configuration and placement of key power and propulsion subsystems for the widely deployed Orion VII HEB, which uses lithium iron phosphate (LiFeP04, LFP) LIBs, while Figure 9.2 provides details of the air-cooled OB modular stacks. 

LiFeP04, LFP Lithium iron phosphate/lithium iron nanophosphate... 

BYD (Build Your Dreams) e6 (Figure 10.16) is not new, as it was already presented at the Coho Center in 2009 and 2010, but the renewed BYD e6-Eco presented at the Detroit Auto Show 2011 is getting closer to series production. This model proposes an electric alternative to Nissan Leaf and Chevrolet Volt. Technical features of the car include 60-kWh lithium iron phosphate batteries, rechargeable in 6 h and capable of powering a 75-kW electric motor. This car has a top speed of 140 km/h, and its range per charge is expected to be 300 km. 

Conceived, designed and produced in Italy, this city car comes in two versions with either petrol engine or electric motor. The electric car version. Figure 10.43, has three to four seats and a maximum speed of 85 km/h, with a range of 150-170 km in optimum conditions. The battery full charge is obtained in 8 h. Electric power is stored in a 9-kWh lithium iron phosphate battery pack. The car weight, without batteries, is 179 kg. 

In [22], A1 Sakka et al., proposed a thermal model for cylindrical electric double-layer capacitors (EDLC), by performing specific techniques on the layer level. In [23] a methodology is proposed for simulation of the internal temperature of a cylindrical lithium iron phosphate battery cell. 

In this study, cylindrical lithium iron phosphate-based battery cells have been used with rated capacity of 2.3 Ah and nominal voltage of 3.3 V as presented in Figure 11.3. 

In the previous section, a thermal model has been proposed and a methodology has been illustrated for extraction of the model parameters. In this section, the experimental results are compared and analyzed with simulation results. Below a number of comparisons are illustrated at different working temperatures (40 °C, 25 °C, 10 °C, 0 °C). The comparison results are based, for the experimental results, on the 10 7t current rate at 80% SoC, and on the model as demonstrated in Figure 11.5 for the simulation results. The battery (lithium iron phosphate-based) has already been described. 

N. Omar, M. Daowd, G. Mulder, J.M. Timmermans, P. Van den Bossche, J. Van Mierlo, S. Pauwels, Assessment of Performance of Lithium Iron Phosphate Oxide, Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide and nickel cobalt aluminum oxide Based cells for Using in Plug-In Battery Electric, VPPC International Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference, Chicago (IL), USA, 2011. 

Special battery technologies, which use lithium titanate on the anode side and lithium iron phosphate on the cathode side, offer calendar lifetime of 20 years and up to 7000 cycles at a degree of discharge of 95% and more [17]. 

All lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries require a BMS. This is due to the fact that all Li-ion batteries will fail if overcharged, completely discharged or operated outside their safe temperature window. Each Li-ion cell type has its own safe operating area, which makes it necessary to program the BMS accordingly. Figure 15.1 shows the safe operating area typical for a C/lithium iron phosphate cell. 

Sinopoly is a Chinese company related to Winston. They only offer lithium-iron phosphate batteries with capacity from 40 to 1000 Ah. 

Per kg cathode material, 30-50 kWh energy is required to create process heat for cogeneration, milling, pumps, dryers and furnaces. For lithium iron phosphate (LFP), 50-100% more energy is needed. The ideal energy input mix consists of one-third electricity, one-third natural gas (for heat treatment) and one-third steam (medium/high pressure). Utility and auxiliary materials for cathode production include ammonia, water (condensate), caustic and hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid. These materials typically account for 1 USD/kg of cathode material. 

Lithium iron phosphate (LiFeP04) was first reported in the English technical literature by Padhi et al. [23] from John B. Goodenough s group. This cathode material is very attractive for conunerdal battery applications because iron is... 

The interest in the analysis of the dependencies of equilibrium potential on composition of cathode materials for lithium-metal cells appeared in the late-1970s [2-8] where phase composition and phase transitions of oxides and hal-cogenides of transient metals upon lithiation were discussed. The usefulness of the simultaneous scrutiny of the equilibrium potential together with its tanpera-ture coefficient was first proved in several works [9-13] published soon after. The approach to the calculation of kinetic parameters using the thermodynamic data, which is the subject of this chapter, has been proposed [14-16] later. In early 2000, new interest in the method has arisen, both in the thermodynamics of the processes within the electrodes for lithium-ion cells [17-22] and in the connection between thermodynamic functions and kinetic parameters [23]. In the series of recent works, M. Bazant [24] described the development of the fundamental theory of electrochemical kinetics and charge transfer applied to lithium iron phosphate (LFP). 

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