Electric data collection

On the basis of the electrical data collected in those electronic devices, we describe charge transport in the thin-film oligothiophenes (Section 6). In parallel, charge storage configurations in the polythiophenes are studied both in the solid state and in solution. The results for both the oligothiophenes and polythiophenes will be compared and contrasted. In particular, we will... 

Transient electrical data collected under different bias conditions contain enough information to determine the density of states with the aid of a transient device model. One study has shown that by simultaneously fitting a number of transient current measurements, as well as steady-state device response, a non-trivial best fit for the densities of sub gap electron and hole states could be obtained [86]. In a further application of the transient device simulation it has been shown that in certain conditions the transient current extracted from a solar cell device accurately reflects the density of states of the carrier type with the greater density of deep trap states [160]. In those conditions where this approximation is true, then transient current data can be modelled with a simple expression for current due to thermally emitted charge carriers, and the current transient mapped onto a density of states function [51, 52]. However, the approximation fails in the limit of significant recombination or low electric fields. 

Another reactor that was approved for development was a land-based prototype submarine propulsion reactor. Westinghouse Electric Corp. designed this pressurized water reactor, using data collected by Argonne. Built at NRTS, the reactor used enriched uranium, the metal fuel in the form of plates. A similar reactor was installed in the submarine l autilus. 

This data collection effort was concentrated on the following components because of their extensive populations and repair action documentation pumps, valves, electrical positioning devices, electric motors, and drives. For each component type, preface pages and data summary tables are provided. Separate data summary tables are provided for each component type and are structured in a format that allows for the inclusion of the number of pieces of operating equipment, the total number of operating hours, total number of failures, and hourly failure rates with upper and lower bounds. 

Three reports have been issued containing IPRDS failure data. Information on pumps, valves, and major components in NPP electrical distribution systems has been encoded and analyzed. All three reports provide introductions to the IPRDS, explain failure data collections, discuss the type of failure data in the data base, and summarize the findings. They all contain comprehensive breakdowns of failure rates by failure modes with the results compared with WASH-1400 and the corresponding LER summaries. Statistical tables and plant-specific data are found in the appendixes. Because the data base was developed from only four nuclear power stations, caution should be used for other than generic application. 

SOURCE S. M. Berman, et al. (1976). "Electrical Energy Consumption in California Data Collection and Analysis." Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, UGID 3847 (for 1947-1975 data). Association of Home Appliance Manufacturers (for 1972 and 1978-1995 data). 

In order to investigate the friction properties of lubricant film in TFL, an apparatus with a floating device was developed by Shen et al. as shown in Fig. 17 [48]. The steel ball is fixed so that it does not roll in the experiment and a pure sliding has been kept. The measuring system of micro-friction force is composed of a straining force sensor with a resolution of 5 yu,N, a dynamic electric resistance strain gage, an AD data-collecting card, and a computer. 

The Wilhelmy hanging plate method (13) has been used for many years to measure interfacial and surface tensions, but with the advent of computer data collection and computer control of dynamic test conditions, its utility has been greatly increased. The dynamic version of the Wilhelmy plate device, in which the liquid phases are in motion relative to a solid phase, has been used in several surface chemistry studies not directly related to the oil industry (14- 16). Fleureau and Dupeyrat (17) have used this technique to study the effects of an electric field on the formation of surfactants at oil/water/rock interfaces. The work presented here is concerned with reservoir wettability. 

Four different types of tasks are performed by automation. Two involve the sequencing of valves and pumps Involved 1n the setup and completion of the designed experiment through the operation of the test and hydraulic fluid systems. The other tasks involve the control of the temperature bath and data collection. To perform these tasks, a1r-actuated solenoids and optically coupled sol Id-state relays are used. These devices are controlled by an electrical circuit consisting of the device connected 1n series with a power supply and a channel on the actuator card In the HP 3497. The power supply 1s either 24 VDC for use with the solenoids or 5 VDC for the solid-state relays. The actuator output channel acts as a simple on/off switch which allows power to be supplied to the solenoid or relay when closed. The logic of the circuit 1s controlled by application programs running on the local HP 1000. 

Data collection and communication in the nervous system occurs by means of graded potentials, action potentials, and synaptic coupling of neurons. These electrical potentials may be recorded and analyzed at two different levels depending... 

Although our knowledge of the structure of the electric double layer is based on experimental data collected at finite electrolyte concentrations, understanding the structure of the electric double layer at the microscopic level must begin with knowledge of the structure of a single solvated ion at the interface. This information has been obtained in recent years from molecular dynamics computer simulations. 

Most of the studies of levitated droplets have involved low-vapor-pressure materials, but Tallin and his coworkers reported data for water droplets evaporating in dry nitrogen. The rapid evaporation of a water droplet requires that the experiment be automated, and this was accomplished by injecting the droplet by means of a 3,000 V dc electrical pulse applied to a flat-tipped hypodermic needle. The pulse triggered the data collection system so that phase functions and the resonance spectrum were obtained during the less than three-second duration of an experiment. From the phase function... 

Numerous other types of cells exist such as zinc-air, aluminum-air, sodium sulfur, and nickel-metal hydride (NiMH). Companies are on a continual quest to develop cells for better batteries for a wide range of applications. Each battery must be evaluated with respect to its intended use and such factors as size, cost, safety, shelf-life, charging characteristics, and voltage. As the twenty-first century unfolds, cells seem to be playing an ever-increasing role in society. Much of this is due to advances in the consumer electronics and the computer industry, but there have also been demands in numerous other areas. These include battery-powered tools, remote data collection, transportation (electric vehicles), and medicine. 

Ethereal solutions of organomagnesinm compounds at room temperature show weak electric conductivity as is evident from data collected in Tables 2 and 3. This behavior indicates the existence of ionic species at relatively low concentrations, c. 

The desk top computer network is shown in Figure 1. The liquid scintillation counters which we routinely use to generate metabolism data include two Beckman LS-200 series liquid scintillation counters and two Tracor Mark III liquid scintillation counters, however, other LSC makes and models may be interfaced. The Tracor counters are equipped with two standard communications output connectors. One is used to drive the printer, the other is available to the user. The Beckman counters use a unique teletype driver but an interface produced by William Palmer Industries can split the signal and provide a standard communication output. Therefore, all data output from the liquid scintillation counters are available in an electrical standard format, RS-232C. Hardware interfacing was therefore simplified and data collection was a matter of software development. 

Adapted from "Reverse Osmosis Performance Data Collection and Interpretation," originally presented at the 28th Annual Electric Utility Chemistry Workshop, Champaign, IL, May 2008, and published in "UltraPure Water Journal, www.ultrapurewater.com, April, 2009. 

Since the magnitude of the atomic moment will be shown to depend sharply upon the collective versus localized character of the electrons, magnetic as well as electric data will be found (see Chapter III) to support these tentative conclusions. Therefore, a brief summary is given of the formal results and of the assumptions made for the collective (MO) versus localized (HL) descriptions of electrons in crystals. 

Super-cooled charge-coupled device (CCD)-based imagers such as the Perkin Elmer ViewLux or the General Electric LeadSeeker collect all data on the wells simultaneously through a CCD and work like digital cameras. The readers, although expensive, tend to be faster, but less flexible. 

The crystal must be cooled during data collection (i.e., if the high voltage is applied), by liquid nitrogen or by an electrical cooler. The biased amplifier (see section 4) allows expansion... 

However, the comparison of the data collected in Tab. 6-4 offers a realistic estimate of process efficiencies. The quantum yield of OH radical formation on Ti02 is only 4 to 10% at best. This is the major reason why Ti02 processes have, in general, not been commercially successful. Pure economic analysis (favored by Bolton) results in an estimate that hydrogen peroxide based photo-initiated AOPs are 50 to 100 times more efficient in their use of electricity than Ti02 photocata-... 

Figure 3 Correlation between urea permeability and electrical resistance. Each point represents the average of data collected at a given temperature for an individual HEM sample. Units of P are cm/sec, units of /f are k icm. [Reprinted with permission from Peck et al. (1995). Copyright 1995 by American Chemical Society.]...

The counterion mechanism of dielectric polarization is also in reasonable agreement with the data collected for DNA in the double-helical state as well as in the coiled denatured form. For the latter, much smaller electric increments and relaxation times are observed, indicating contraction of the polymer upon denaturation. The rotational relaxation time for helices as measured by means of flow birefringence was generally found... 

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