Computer industry

RF Technical Physics and Automation Research Institute is ready to production and supply computer industrial tomograph, scanning devices, measuring units, soft-hardware interfaces connecting the measuring units with computer and the adapted program complexes for the industrial tomography. 

In the computer industry, new read/write optical discs, capable of storing over 250 megabytes, utilize a thin coating consisting of a germanium, teUurium, and antimony compound (see Imaging TECHNOLOGY). 

There are thousands of commercial spectrometers in use today in materials analysis, chemistry, and ph) ics laboratories. The largest concentrations are in the US and Japan. They are used in universities, the semiconductor and computer industries, and the oil, chemical, metallurgical, and pharmaceutical industries. 

Pohanish, R.P., and Greene, S.A. (1998) Electronic and Computer Industry Guide to Chemical Safety and Environmental Compliance, Wiley, New York. 

The mathematician John von Neumann was one of the pioneers in AL he developed an analogy between the functions of a living organism and those of a machine. The latter consisted of two important parts which, when the computer industry developed, were referred to as software and hardware. Hardware processes information, while software embodies information (Dyson, 1985). 

During the course of the last century, it was realized that many properties of solids are controlled not so much by the chemical composition or the chemical bonds linking the constituent atoms in the crystal but by faults or defects in the structure. Over the course of time the subject has, if anything, increased in importance. Indeed, there is no aspect of the physics and chemistry of solids that is not decisively influenced by the defects that occur in the material under consideration. The whole of the modem silicon-based computer industry is founded upon the introduction of precise amounts of specific impurities into extremely pure crystals. Solid-state lasers function because of the activity of impurity atoms. Battery science, solid oxide fuel cells, hydrogen storage, displays, all rest upon an understanding of defects in the solid matrix. 

Yoneda, Y., CHEMOGRAMI—Computer Industrial Chemistry, Maruzen Book Co., Tokyo, Japan (1972). 

Jang Y, Jang S, Chang B, Park J (2002) A combined model of network design and production/distribution planning for a supply network. Computers Industrial Engineering 43 (1-2) 263-281... 

Wallace TF (ed) (1992) APICS Dictionary, 7th edn. American Production and Inventory Control Society, Falls Church VA Wang R, Liang T (2004) Application of fuzzy multi-objective linear programming to aggregate production planning. Computers Industrial Engineering 46 17-41... 

Elements bordering the stair-stepped line (B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te) are classified as metalloids. Metalloids have properties of both metals and nonmetals. Their unusual electrical properties make them valuable in the semiconductor and computer industry. 

Yttrium arsenide (YAs) is used in the production of high-grade semiconductors. Since it is extremely toxic, special handling and facilities are required for its use in computer industries. 

Numerous other types of cells exist such as zinc-air, aluminum-air, sodium sulfur, and nickel-metal hydride (NiMH). Companies are on a continual quest to develop cells for better batteries for a wide range of applications. Each battery must be evaluated with respect to its intended use and such factors as size, cost, safety, shelf-life, charging characteristics, and voltage. As the twenty-first century unfolds, cells seem to be playing an ever-increasing role in society. Much of this is due to advances in the consumer electronics and the computer industry, but there have also been demands in numerous other areas. These include battery-powered tools, remote data collection, transportation (electric vehicles), and medicine. 

The prospective applications ofmolecular assemblies seem so wide that their limits are difficult to set. The sizes of electronic devices in the computer industry are close to their lower limits. One simply cannot fit many more electronic elements into a cell since the walls between the elements in the cell would become too thin to insulate them effectively. Thus further miniaturization of today s devices will soon be virtually impossible. Therefore, another approach from bottom up was proposed. It consists in the creation of electronic devices of the size of a single molecule or of a well-defined molecular aggregate. This is an enormous technological task and only the first steps in this direction have been taken. In the future, organic compounds and supramolecular complexes will serve as conductors, as well as semi- and superconductors, since they can be easily obtained with sufficient, controllable purity and their properties can be fine tuned by minor adjustments of their structures. For instance, the charge-transfer complex of tetrathiafulvalene 21 with tetramethylquinodimethane 22 exhibits room- temperature conductivity [30] close to that of metals. Therefore it could be called an organic metal. Several systems which could serve as molecular devices have been proposed. One example of such a system which can also act as a sensor consists of a basic solution of phenolophthalein dye 10b with P-cyciodextrin 11. The purple solution of the dye not only loses its colour upon the complexation but the colour comes back when the solution is heated [31]. 

Though unstable, the computer industry grew rapidly during the 1960s, and the final piece of the computer development puzzle, time-sharing, came about late in the decade. Efforts to develop and commercialize time-shared computers were led by General Electric s computer department, which was quickly overtaken by IBM, UNIVAC, and Digital Equipment Corp. 

Selim HM, Askin RG, Vakharia AJ (1998) Cell formation in group technology review, evaluation and directions for future research. Computers Industrial Engineering 34 3-20... 

A standard is now available, specifically, IEC 61158, Digital Data Communications for Measurement and Control. In most industries, a standard defines only one way of doing something, but not in the computer industry. IEC 61158 defines five different communications technologies. Several manufacturers had selected a direction, and standards are not immune to commercial considerations. The net result is that one person s field bus might not be the same as another s. Most plants select one technology for their field bus, although it is possible to have multiple field bus interfaces on a control system and not have all the same type. 

Imaging MS is and will become increasingly critical for many aspects of materials science. One example is in the semiconductor industry, where the ability to provide spatial and chemical information on the length scales of current integrated circuit fabrication (50 nm or better) with depth profiling to provide layer-by-layer maps of the fabricated layers is critical for the continued advancement of the computer industry. Maps of any heterogeneous surface are important in other areas of materials science. For example, using various laser desorption techniques, information about the molecules found in specific inclusions in meteorites or defects in reactive surfaces can be obtained. 

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