Electrical energy consumption

SOURCE S. M. Berman, et al. (1976). "Electrical Energy Consumption in California Data Collection and Analysis." Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, UGID 3847 (for 1947-1975 data). Association of Home Appliance Manufacturers (for 1972 and 1978-1995 data). 

The electric energy consumption was about 0.2 eV/mol H2. The possible role of chain-radical reactions involving H, CH3, and CH2 radicals generated by the plasma is discussed... 

Beside the 61 kW total performance, the specific performance projected to the amount of treated slurry amounts to 0.41 kW per m3. The specific electric energy consumption per cubic meter 2.14 kWh. 

Electrical energy consumption for the process is roughly estimated to be in the range of 0.3 to 0.4 kWh/gal. Thus, power costs would be about 0,015 to 0.02 per gallon (D13622B, pp. 372-372). 

The effective solute (ts) transport number, ranged from 93% to 98%, even if reduced to 88% for sodium lactate. The water transport number (tw) increased from 9.3 to 15.6 and correspondently the maximum salt weight concentration in the concentrated stream (CBc,max) ranged from 286 to 350 kg/m3. Finally, while the surface resistance (rc) of the cation-exchange membranes was found to be about constant (5 2fl cm2), ra tended to increase with A/b. However, the specific electric energy consumption (e) slightly increased from 0.19 to 0.22 kWh/kg of salt recovered. 

Effect of the salt molecular mass (MB) on the cation transport number (C) in the corresponding solution effective solute (tB) and water (%) transport numbers surface resistances (rc, ra) of, and counterion transport numbers (tc+, ta ) in cation- and anion-exchange membranes specific electric energy consumption (e) in the case of 90% salt recovery at 1 A, and maximum solute concentration theoretically achievable in the concentrating stream (CBCmax). Note NaCl, sodium chloride Na-A, acetate Na-P, propionate Na-L, lactate. 

The electrodes were arranged as a stack of bipolar electrodes as shown in Figure 23. Aluminum formed at the lower electrodes in each individual cell flows concurrently together with the chlorine gas to the central vertical shaft, where the metal sinks to the bottom and the gas rises to the top. The gas movement promotes the necessary circulation of the electrolyte. Due to the compact bipolar arrangement and the short interpolar distance (10-20 mm) the electrical energy consumption was as low as 9.5 kWh/kg Al. 

Electrical Energy Consumption in the Electrochemical Mineralization Process... 

The work described in Bolton s paper was seminal because it allowed widely different AOP technologies to be compared by comparison of their electrical energy consumption within the two rate regimes. This work allows potential users to have a standardized base for comparison of AOPs. Of course there are economic factors (chemicals operation/maintenance, capital, etc.) that go in to a cost analysis, however the Bolton paper allows a more complete picture to be drawn. 

Tab. 8.4 Design parameters ( figures-of-merit ) based on electric energy consumption proposed by Bolton et al. (2001a) for the comparison and scaling-up of various homogeneous and heterogeneous AOPs for water or air treatment Hem electric energy per mass Heo electric energy per order Acm collector area per mass Aco collector area per order...

Furan was also the starting material in the indirect electrochemical preparation of 2,5-dimethoxyfuran in a packed bed electrochemical reactor <2001MI185>. This process had a current efficiency of >9000 %, a product yield >90 %, and the electrical energy consumption was <3 kW h kg of product under the optimized operating conditions. These conditions required a reaction temperature between 0 and 5°C, 4.0. 6 V of electrolysis voltage, and >2000 Am operating current density (c.d.). 

The electrical energy consumption is ca. 20% less than that in the mercury process. 

Specific Electrical Energy Consumption rolling tube cell [77, 78],... 

Electrorefining can be carried out in acidic or alkaline medium. The acid electrolytes consist of sulfuric acid and stannous sulfate, with additives such as creosulfonic or phenolsulfonic acids and glue to modify deposit formation on the cathodes. The alkaline electrolytes consist of potassium or sodium stannite and free alkali. When compact cathode deposits are required, alkaline electrolytes are inferior to acid sulfate or halogen solutions in terms of electric energy consumption, productivity, cathode morphology, and operating temperature [82, 83]. 

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