Economic benefit model

The Use of Economic Benefit Models in Estimating the Value of Triazine Herbicides... 

The EPA will not reduce a penalty below the value of the money saved by not complying with TSCA. The EPA s economic benefit model is referred to as BEN. 5... 

Some recent applications have benefited from advances in computing and computational techniques. Steady-state simulation is being used off-line for process analysis, design, and retrofit process simulators can model flow sheets with up to about a million equations by employing nested procedures. Other applications have resulted in great economic benefits these include on-line real-time optimization models for data reconciliation and parameter estimation followed by optimal adjustment of operating conditions. Models of up to 500,000 variables have been used on a refinery-wide basis. 

The critical load concept is intended to achieve the maximum economic benefit from the reduction of pollutant emissions since it takes into account the estimates of differing sensitivity of various ecosystems to acid deposition. Thus, this concept is considered to be an alternative to the more expensive BAT (Best Available Technologies) concept (Posch et al., 1996). Critical load calculations and mapping allow the creation of ecological-economic optimization models with a corresponding assessment of minimum financial investments for achieving maximum environmental protection. 

Martin MT, Knudsen TB, Judson RS, Kavlock RJ, Dix DJ (2012) Economic benefits of using adaptive predictive models of reproductive toxicity in the context of a tiered testing paradigm. Syst Biol Reprod Med 58 3-9... 

Due to the Austrian initiatives and in particular due to the ambitious activities of UNIDO, service-oriented approaches represent a growing and promising tendency both within chemicals policy as well as within the chemicals industry. These models are eco-efficient by nature and show a tremendous potential in terms of achieving ecological as well as economic benefits. 

What would you change, complete or develop at this model 1 would generate a new model in which sale is implemented as in a classic purchasing process, the primary target should be the reduction of the environmental impact with an economic benefit for the supplier as well as for the manufacturer, without clear economic benefit the quality that is offered to the final consumer is diminished. ... 

Successful application of Chemical Leasing business models with tangible environmental and economic benefits requires a systematic and structured approach. UNIDO defines five phases of a Chemical Leasing business model that cover a period of approximately 24 months (Fig. 3). 

By taking this approach, the benefits from recovering solvent versus incineration can be evaluated with greater confidence. Over time, robust models can be developed which show the life cycle energy and economic benefits of recovery versus incineration and provide an understanding of where the transition point for the process comes. 

The results given in this section illustrate the functional features of a simulation experiment. Clearly, the strategy of any modeling technology depends on a balance between model calculations and on-site experiments. In the case considered, such a strategy has an economical benefit as it reconstructs the distribution of pollutants along the AYRS and provides estimates of environmental consequences should the chosen scenarios be realized. 

During 1995-1997, the information from past studies, almost 5000 field trials, new surveys of growers, and a weed control model developed by Dr. David Bridges (Bridges, 1998) were used to provide USEPA with estimates of the economic benefits of triazine and atrazine on all crops labeled with these products in the United States. A summary of the economic and biological models and some of the components are available (Bridges, 1998 Carlson, 1998). 

The monitoring uses formulas that take into account feed flow rates, targets calculated by the optimization layer of multivariable control, controlled variables upper and lower limits and other parameters. The economic benefits are based on the degrees of freedom and the active constraints at the steady state predicted by the linear model embedded in the controller. In order to improve the current monitoring, parameters dealing with process variability will be incorporated in the formulas. By doing this, it will be also possible to quantify external disturbances that affect the performance of the advanced control systems and identify regulatory control problems. 

Effective RTO design requires that a number of issues be addressed, including measurement selection and sensor system design, model fidelity and updating strategies, and so forth. Much of the available literature has tended to focus on the interdependence of parameter uncertainty and measurements availability and accuracy. A number of critical open questions remain, such as what level of accuracy is required in the process model or parameter estimates what is the benefit of improving the accuracy how can the economic benefit of RTO be assessed in a systematic manner. 

Kjelstrup and Bedeaux [81] speculate that the need in mechanical and chemical engineering for more accurate modeling tools to enable process equipment designs that waste less work wiU increase the use of irreversible thermodynamics in the near future. Better and more efficient use of energy resources is also a central future requirement. It may then no longer be sufficient to optimize the first law efficiency solely. The second law may have to be taken into account as well. Under future UN environmental protection conventions and protocols the process industry may be forced to report on their aimual entropy production. As a political tool, economical benefits could also be given to those industries that limit or reduce their entropy production. 

Process alternatives for hydrogen cyanide production Maximization of economic benefit and minimization of environmental inq)act. A preference-based approach Hoffmann et al. (2001) considered total annualized profit per service unit (TAPPS) and material intensity per service (MIPS) as economic and environmental indicator respectively, while Hoffmann et al. (2004) considered Eco-indicator 99 (E199) for environmental objective as well as uncertainty in model parameters. Hoffmann et al. (2001)... 

Due to the large capacities of modem ammonia production lines (>1200 MTPD), small improvements in the performance of the production line result in large economic benefits (e.g. it was estimated recently that 1% increase in the ammonia concentration in the effluent of the ammonia converter with a capacity of 1200 MTPD will have a dollar value of 1.2x10 US /year (Elnashaie et al., 1988b). Mathematical models are very powerful tools for the accurate design. 

Using the BEN model can lead to rather high economic benefits from noncompliance. For example, if a company has failed to install 1,000,000 of pollution control equipment for 72 months, and that equipment would have... 

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