Ecological economics

Bicsiot, W-, and Noorman, K. J. (1999). Energy Requirements in Household Consumption A Case Study of the Netherlands. Ecological Economics 28 367-383. BP Amoco. (2000). BP Statistical Review of World Energy. BP Amoco, London, . 

Need of sustainable management (ecological, economical, and social). There is a need for sustainable water resources management, but this can also be the most difficult to recognize. Management should be respectful with the environment, but not at any economical and social prize economically affordable, but not at any environmental and social cost and finally, must seek for social equity (personal and territorial), but not at any environmental and economical cost. Besides there is an interrelation among the different problems related to IWRM, each problem can have different causes and each solution may affect to different problems. 

Ayres, R.U., 1998, Eco-thermodynamics economics and the second law, Ecological Economics 26 189-209. 

According to recent studies, the forests covering about 30% of the earth s surface [1] contain 80% terrestrial biomass and provide habitat for about half of the world s known species of plants and animals [2]. Forests provide a wide range of ecological, economic, and social assets, as well as services such as climate regulation through the storage of carbon in complex physical,... 

There are two main scientific areas in which economic valuation takes place, environmental economics and ecological economics. The main difference between the two areas is whether or not the general description of how the economy functions is accepted or not. Environmental economists do basically accept the way the market functions and homo economicus (Sect. 2). Ecological economists... 

Environmental economists and ecological economists work in very similar fields but with some differences that it might be useful for the reader to know about. Ecological economics can be defined as the field of study that addresses the relationship between ecosystem and economic systems in the broadest sense [23]. While the ecological economist has a biophysical view of value, the environmental economist states that the value cannot be reduced to a simple physical metric [18]. 

Costanza R (1991) Ecological economics the science and management of sustainability. Colombia University Press, New York, 3... 

The decision on the selection of measures has to be made by politicians/managers. Scientists can provide transparency for the decision makers by clarifying the current and potential future status of the system, the possible measures and their ecological, economical and social consequences. Scientists should learn the language and the interests of the public, because often information handed over from the scientists/ water managers to the public is perceived not reliable and/or relevant for them, moreover taking into account that public participation is mandatory according to the WFD. It is clear that public participation is important for the implementation of measures and for acceptance, because measures can have an impact on specific interests of the public (see example described in the previous section). 

Martinez-Alier, Juan, with Klaus Schlupmann. 1987. Ecological Economics Energy, Environment and Society. Oxford Blackwell. 

The critical load concept is intended to achieve the maximum economic benefit from the reduction of pollutant emissions since it takes into account the estimates of differing sensitivity of various ecosystems to acid deposition. Thus, this concept is considered to be an alternative to the more expensive BAT (Best Available Technologies) concept (Posch et al., 1996). Critical load calculations and mapping allow the creation of ecological-economic optimization models with a corresponding assessment of minimum financial investments for achieving maximum environmental protection. 

Compare with actual load. The amount by which critical loads are exceeded and the area in which they are exceeded (using a GIS) can be also included in the calculation when the actual loads (for example, atmospheric deposition data in case of forest) are known. Furthermore, these exceedance values are used for ecological-economic optimization scenario of emission reduction. 

Beise, M. and Rennings, K. (2005). Lead markets and regulation a framework for analyzing the international diffusion of environmental innovations. Ecological Economics, 52 (1), 5-17. 

Behrens A (2004) Environmental policy instruments for dematerialisation of the European Union. SERI Background Papers, No 7. Sustainable Europe Research Institute, Vienna EUROSTAT (2001) Economy-wide material flow accounts and derived indicators. A methodological guide. Statistical Office of the European Union, Luxembourg Giljum S (2006) Material flow-based indicators for evaluation of eco-efficiency and dematerialisation policies. In Lawn P (ed) Sustainability indicators in Ecological Economics. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham... 

Pranshu S (2003) Transition to chemical management services, opportunities, barriers and drawbacks in a European Context (IIIEE Master s Theses 2003 XX). The International Institute for Industrial Environmental Economics, Lund University, Sweden Spangenberg J, LorekS (2002) Environmentally sustainable household consumption from aggregate environmental pressures to priority fields of action. Ecological Economics 43(2-3) 127-140... 

Ekins, P., Folke, C. and Costanza, R. 1994. Trade, environment and development the issues in perspective. Ecological Economics 9 1-12. 

Ropke, I. 1994. Trade, development and sustainability - a critical assessment of the free trade dogma . Ecological Economics 9 13-22. 

Pannell, D.J. and Glenn, N.A. 2000. A framework for the economic evaluation and selection of sustainability indicators in agriculture. Ecological Economics 33(1) 135-149. 

The liquor ratio influences the dye solubility and the strength of the electrolyte effect. Lower liquor ratios are employed whenever possible, for ecological, economic, and technical reasons. 

The growth of population size and trends in civilization development bring with them many problems of global ecodynamics, especially the impact of society on climatic trends. The broader issues of the ecological, economic, and human effects of climate change were considered by Hardy (2003). The following aspects of the climate change problem were explained ... 

The approach consists of developing alternatives rather than a unique flowsheet. The selected solution is the best cost-effective means only for the assumed constraints of technological, ecological, economical and social nature. 

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