Material intensity

The trends dcinoiistratc the capability of industiy to improve energy efficiency when it has the incentive to do so. Energy requirements can be cut by new process development. In addition, the amount of raw materials demanded by a society tends to decline as countries reach certain stages of industrial development, which leads to a decrease in industrial energy use. The accounting of trends in structural shift, material intensity, and technical energy efficiency... 

Design strategies for raw material intensive products. Ideas for reducing environmental impact when the current solution is raw material intensive ... 

Producing, processing, transporting and disposing of these materials creates massive pollution. Reducing material intensity gives an immediate environmental benefit, and the potential for a significant economic benefit. 

The. synthesis (Fig. 2.3) is a perfect example of what is wrong with many organic synthe.ses it is circuitous, energy and raw materials intensive, generates copious amounts of waste, and involves intermediates that are smelly, hazardous and/or carcinogenic. 

An alternative packaging is the combination of food-packaging materials with antimicrobial substances to control microbial surface contamination of foods. For both migrating and nonmigrating antimicrobial materials, intensive contact between the food product and packaging material is required and therefore potential food applications include especially vacuum or skin-packaged products (Vermeiren and others 2002). 

A similar method proposed by Hoffmann [26] involves analyzing process alternatives based on two indices. The total armuabzed profit per service unit (TAPPS) and material intensity per service unit (MIPS) are calculated as economic and environmental factors, respectively. TAPPS is used to calculate the maximum profit per unit of product produced. MIPS is used to calculate the number of input and output streams in a process. MIPS was used based on the knowledge that a global reduction in material streams (solvents, reactants,) is necessary to lead toward sustainable development. TAPPS and MIPS are determined for several process alternatives, which are analyzed using a Pareto Chart for their feasibihty within a plant. However, MIPS does not account for the release of toxic solvents and reagents into the environment. Therefore it has been noted that it should be used in conjunction with LCA and other methods to avoid the use of highly toxic solvents and other raw materials [26]. 

The use of C02 in the synthesis of carboxylates (including acrylates), esters and lactones, carbonates, carbamates, and polymers may help to solve substantial problems encountered in the chemical industry, and hopefully advance towards sustainability. In all such cases, the new processes based on C02 would replace old energy- and material-intensive technologies that employed either the use of toxic compounds (e.g., phosgene) or were characterized by a high E-factor [6]. 

In the first pilot test, 12 metric tons of 14-40 mesh (1.4-0.4 mm) SMZ, manufactured at a cost of about 460 per metric ton, was used as the barrier material. Intensive sampling showed that much of the contaminant plume was being deflected under and around the SMZ barrier. Hydraulic testing failed to conclusively isolate the cause(s) of the flow restriction but suggested that a partially plugged barrier frame, along with a possible decrease in SMZ permeability, were responsible. 

Material intensity is given by the mass of waste per unit of output. Waste is calculated by subtracting the mass of products and saleable subproducts from the raw materials. Water and air are not included unless incorporated in the product. 

Resources Material intensity Energy intensity Water usage Land use... 

The ash content is a combination of the intensive (inherent ash in combustible material) and extensive (free inorganic materials). Intensive ash is approximately 8 wt%, illustrating the potential for screening the feedstock someplace in the process flow. 

HMDA) manufacturing processes. The two sets of metrics clearly show the tradeoffs for these processes. The hydrocyanation process has lower energy-intensity and greenhouse-gases metrics, but its material-intensity, water consumption and pollutants metrics are higher than those for the electrohydrodimerization process. 

As discussed for mass intensity indicators, energy intensity indicators are simple to calculate but give only a partial overview of sustainability, as processes outside the chemical reaction or the chemical plant are not included. In addition, no discrimination is made between renewable and non-renewable sources, which have very different implications with regard to sustainability. Finally, the energy intensity related to material production (reactants, solvents, etc.) is also not included. As a consequence, energy intensity indicators must always be accompanied by material intensity indicators, which are measured in different units and cannot be directly aggregated. 

Process alternatives for hydrogen cyanide production Maximization of economic benefit and minimization of environmental inq)act. A preference-based approach Hoffmann et al. (2001) considered total annualized profit per service unit (TAPPS) and material intensity per service (MIPS) as economic and environmental indicator respectively, while Hoffmann et al. (2004) considered Eco-indicator 99 (E199) for environmental objective as well as uncertainty in model parameters. Hoffmann et al. (2001)... 

Since unique technologies are incorporated in the manufacture of specialty chemicals, chemical professionals who are innovative and creative in research and development are needed to search for new compounds, new synthesis methods, and new ways to attract customers. Today in some companies, the marketing people are located in close proximity to the research and development groups, forming part of a team to solve customer s requests. The total operation is more chemical professional intensive and less raw material intensive. Specialty chemicals have a wide profit margin, rewarding those companies for being different and first in the field. 

Density functional theory (DFT) has become a standard theoretical approach in the exploration of new solid-state hydrogen storage materials. Intense computational work has been attributed to the understanding of the promising alkali and alkali-earth alanate systems. Numerous theoretical studies, in particular, have focused on the systems of tetrahydridoalumate... 

The separation operations described so far involve the creation or removal of a phase by the introduction of an ESA or MSA. The emphasis on new, less energy- or material-intensive processes is spurring research on new processes to effect separations of chemical species contained in a single fluid phase without the energy-intensive step of creating or introducing a new phase. Methods of accomplishing these separations are based on the application of barriers or fields... 

The development of solar space heating systems has required assessment of the allowable cost of such systems. Such assessments have most often utilized life-cycle costing with a 20-year period of analysis. The use of this method, especially In conjunction with high energy cost escalation rates, makes It possible to justify theoretically almost any system cost. Thus, a Gresham s Law has come In play In the competition for research dollars, costly, material-intensive, technically safe systems have crowded out more Innovative but technically more risky approaches keyed to more realistic cost goals. 

The major key to low cost Is a solar collector design which has low material Intensity and Is capable of being produced at very high speed to reduce labor Intensity. The low material Intensity results from the use of polymer films and film laminates. The development of an efficient non-pressurlzed thin film absorb-er/heat exchanger also contributes to minimum material requirements. The use of a simple roll-formed sheet metal frame with a cost one third that of a conventional extruded frame further reduces the cost and can be produced as one piece to be bent around the Insulating substrate. The weather seals are Integrated Into the fllm/adheslve attachment for simplicity, reliability and very low additional material requirements. 

CBA, cost-benefit analysis DMC, direct material consumption DMI. direct material input EF. ecological footprint EIA, environmental impact assessment EMS, environmental management system En. energy analysis lOA, input-output analysis LCA, lifecycle assessment LCC. life cycle costing MFA, material flow accounting MIPS material intensity per unit service RA, risk assessment SEA. strategic environmental assessment SEEA system of economic and environmental accounts SFA, substance flow analysis TMR. total material requirement. 

---