Pinus ponderosa

Lodhi, M.A.K. and Killingbeck, K.T. (1980). Allelopathic inhibition of nitrification and nitrifying bacteria in a ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dough) community. American Journal of Botany 67 1423-1429. 

Gaskin, J.L. and J. Fletcher (1997). The metabolism of exogenously provided atrazine by the ectomycorrhizal fungus Hebeloma crustu-liniforme and the host plant Pinus ponderosa. Amer. Chem. Soc., pp. 152-160. 

PINUS PONDEROSA. needle extract, acetone-soluble fraction... 

This paper is a report on preliminary studies evaluating the suitability of bark extracts from four West Coast softwood species as bonding agents for particleboard. The barks investigated include white fir (Abies concolor), ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) ... 

Figure 6.11 Biosyntheses of isoprenoid pheromone components by bark and ambrosia beetles from host conifer monoterpenes. (A) Conversion by the male California fivespined ips, Ips paraconfusus Lanier (Coleoptera Scolytidae), of myrcene from the xylem and phloem oleoresin of ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa Laws., to (4S)-(+)-ipsdienol and (4S)-(-)-ipsenol, components of the aggregation pheromone (Hendry et al., 1980). (B) Conversion by male and female I. paraconfusus of (1 S,5S)-(-)-a-pinene (2,6,6-trimethyl-bicyclo[3.1,1]hept-2-ene) from the xylem and phloem oleoresin of P. ponderosa to (1 S,2S,5S)-(+)-c/s-verbenol (c/s-4,6,6-trimethyl-bicyclo[3.1,1]hept-3-en-2-ol), an aggregation pheromone synergist and of (1 R,5R)-(+)-a-pinene to (1 fl,2S,5fl)-(+)-frans-verbenol (frans-4,6,6-trimethyl-bicyclo[3.1,1]hept-3-en-2-ol), a compound of unknown behavioral activity for /. paraconfusus. Male and female western pine beetle, Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte (Coleoptera Scolytidae), convert (1 S,5S)-(-)-a-pinene to (1S,2ft,5S)-(-)-frans-verbenol, an aggregation pheromone interruptant and (1R,5R)-(+)-a-pinene to (1 R,2S,5R)-(+)-frans-verbenol, a compound of...

Figure 6.13 Examples of the application of normal-phase, radio-HPLC to the analysis of de novo biosynthetic pathways in bark beetles (Scolytidae). Demonstration of sex-specific de novo biosynthesis of ipsenol, ipsdienol, and amitinol through radio-HPLC analysis of pentane extracts of Porapak-trapped volatiles from (A) male and (B) female Ips paraconfusus Lanier feeding for 168 h in Pinus ponderosa and (C) male and (D) female Ips pini (Say) feeding for 168 h in Pinus jeffreyi (Seybold et al., 1995b). Demonstration of sex-specific de novo biosynthesis of frontalin through radio-HPLC analysis of pentane extracts of Porapak-trapped volatiles from (E) male and (F) female...

Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa Laws) Oxidant, fluoride 35... 

Tjhotochemical oxidant air pollution—chiefly ozone—was first identified in 1962 as the agent responsible for the slow decline and death of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws.) trees in southern California (I). Work on identifying this source of damage can be traced to the mid-1950s it was described as chlorotic decline (2). 

The faecal pellets of the bark beetle Ips paraconfusus which had fed on the phloem of Pinus ponderosa contained large quantities of the aggregation pheromones cis-verbenol (24), ipsenol (25), and ipsdienol (26). The pheromones originate in the hindgut, but, although there is a precursor-product correlation between a-pinene or myrcene from the phloem and the pheromone terpenoids, the biosynthetic site is unclear. The demonstration68 of the conversion of a-pinene into cis- and trans-verbenol (27) by Bacillus cereus found in the gut of I. paraconfusus has led to the... 

Eastern White pine (Pinus strobus L.) and Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl.) were affected in Eastern North America and California respectively. The disease was attributed to elevated concentrations of photochemical oxidants and partially of sulfur dioxide (Hepting, 1964 Linzon, 1958). 

Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws./Ponderosa pine... 

Larch wood Larix occidentalis) Decomposed Douglas-fir Pseudotsuga menzeisii) Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa) Aspen... 

This region is located in the northern part of the area of West American Desert-Xerophytic Forest ecosystems, on the borderline between temperate and subtropical belt (see Figure 2). The lower slopes in this region are covered with Big Tree Forest ecosystems (Sesquoia semperviverens) on acidic Cambisols above, in drier regions, are found Pine Forest (Pinus ponderosa) ecosystems and Stiff-Leafed Oak Forest and Shmbs (formation of chaparral) ecosystems on Chromic Cambisols. 

Additional 2,6-disubstituted piperidine alkaloids detected in Picea and Pinus include pinidinone and epipinidinone (191 and 194, from Picea pungens), 193 (from Picea abies, P. pungens), 195 (from Pinus nigra, P. sylvestris, P. ponderosa) and 196 (from Picea pungens, Pinus ponderosa, P. sylvestris, P. nigra)[467]. Pinidinone, an alcohol from reduction of pinidinone, and 196 have also been detected in the Mexican Bean Beetle, Epilachna varivestis [468]. 

Using deuterium labelling techniques Hendry et al. (1980) demonstrated that ipsenol (26) and ipsdienol (27) — the pheromones of the bark beetle Ips paraconfusus — are formed in the males from myrcene (28), a constituent of its host plant Pinus ponderosa. Their finding suggests that the evolution of host plant... 

Fig. 13. Seasonal changes in the maximal capacity for photosynthetic oxygen evolution in the mesophytic herb Malva neglecta versus the evergreen sclerophytes Finca minor (Periwinkle) and Pinus ponderosa (Ponderosa pine). To express photosynthesis rates of Ponderosa pine on a leaf area basis, needles were aligned beside each other and taped together. Data from Verhoeven et al. (1999) and TN Rosenstiel, WW Adams III, B Demmig-Adams, unpublished...

A second type of analysis is undertaken to ascertain the effect of some extraneous factor on a plant. Examples are the studies made on the effect of various metabolites or inhibitors that might change the monoterpenoid production of a commercial crop such as roses. Effect of seasonal change on the composition of monoterpenoids from Rosmarinus officinalis, particularly in the spring, has been examined.The fact that the bark beetles Dendroctonus brevicomis and D. ponderosae preferentially attack Pinus ponderosa trees that have been injured by photochemical air pollution suggested study of the monoterpenoid composition... 

ANDERSON, A.B., Monoterpenes, fatty and resin acids of Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi, Phytochemistry, 1969, 8, 873-875. 

C oH,tO, Mr 152.24, oil. The (R)-enantiomer [a]o -13.6° (CH3OH) is a pheromone of the bark beetle Ips confusus, a pest of Pinus ponderosa, while the (5)-enantiomer is a pheromone of Ips paraconflisus. 2,3-Dihydro-I. [ipsenol, C oH,gO, Mr 154.25, bp. 86 - 88 °C (1.99 kPa)] is also a pheromone of bark beetles of the genus Ips. Not only the ratio of I. to ipsenol but also the respective enantiomer ratios are species-specific and are used by the beetles to distinguish between species. With regard to the biogenesis not only the oxidation of the monoterpene hydrocarbon myr-cene but also de novo synthesis seem to be involved. A survey of the numerous pheromones from various bark beetles is given in Lit.. I. is also found in plants see also pheromones. 

Vanillin is found in Styrax species, in clove oil, and in the flowers of black salsify (Scorzonera), Spiraea and potato. In addition, various foodstuffs, such as milk, wine and rice wine contain vanillin. The smell of old, yellowed paper with a high wood content can be attributed to this compound as well. It is also found in smaller concentrations in the woody part of many plants. Vanillin is found in tobacco to a considerable extent, and it is also contained in the bark of the Pon-derosa pine (Pinus ponderosa). [136] Moreover, male bugs of the species Eury-gaster integriceps secrete vanillin as an attractant. [137] The most important vanilla plant is the climbing orchid. Vanilla planifolia, the fruits of which are harvested nine months before ripeness (Fig. 3.32). 

Over 50 species and varieties of the genus Pinus occur in North America. These have previously been studied by Mirov and were reviewed by von Rudloff in addition to his own studies on Canadian members of die genus. An especially large difference was noted in the essential oils of Pinus ponderosa and P. jeffreyi. The essential oil of the latter consists of w-heptane. Hybrids of the two species can easily be... 

---