Microbial resistance

Agro-residual fibers, similar to other plant fibers have moderate microbial resistance and thus they tend to decay. Microbial resistance is especially important during shipment and long-term storage [56], Microbial resistance of agro-residual fibers can be enhanced by increasing hydrophobicity [72]. 

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From the mechanistic point of view three basic principles of microbial resistance to drugs are known inactivation of the drug, alteration of the target, and reduced drug accumulation at the target site. However, several variations on these themes are known. 

Microbial Resistance to Drugs. Figure 1 MlC-distribution showing the number of isolates of one species with a certain MIC. Some bacterial species are naturally resistant (intrinsic resistance) to drugs because their natural MIC is above the breakpoint. Naturally sensitive isolates as well as naturally resistant ones can acquire resistance and with that increase their MIC (acquired or secondary resistance). 

Microbial Resistance to Drugs. Figure 2 Bacterial cells can obtain resistance genes in three ways ... 

Microbial Resistance to Drugs. Table 2 Antibiotic modifying enzymes [2, 3]... 

Lactam Antibiotics Microbial Resistance to Drugs Quinolones... 

Microbial Resistance to Drugs Ribosomal Protein Synthesis Inhibitors... 

Microarray Hybridization Microarray Technology Microbial Resistance to Drugs Microfrlaments Microtubule... 

Otitis media is most common in children between 6 months and 2 years of age but can occur in all age groups, including adults. By 12 months of age, 75% of children have had at least one episode of otitis media, and up to 20% have recurrent infections.3,4 At least 13 million antibiotic prescriptions are written annually in the United States for otitis media, resulting in 2 billion in direct costs.5 Many risk factors (Table 69-1) predispose children to otitis media and can be associated with microbial resistance, such as day-care attendance, prior antibiotic exposure, and age younger than 2 years.3,4,6... 

Watchful waiting and safety-net antibiotic prescriptions are approaches being used more frequently to attenuate microbial resistance and avoid unnecessary adverse events and costs of antibiotics. Observation is practiced extensively in Europe and involves monitoring for 48 to 72 hours after diagnosing AOM to see if spontaneous resolution will occur. Observation or delayed antibiotic therapy should be considered only in otherwise healthy children without recurrent disease (Fig. 69-1) and only if proper follow-up and good communication exist between clinicians and the parent/caregiver.4,5,16... 

In the majority of cases, minerals in topsoils are partially covered with organic materials, especially humic substances, which are to a large extent microbially resistant. The most common mode of mineral colloid-organic material-microorganism interactions may be depicted as follows (Theng and Orchard 1995) ... 

Robinson, J.B. and O.H. Touvinen. 1984. Mechanisms of microbial resistance and detoxification of mercury and organomercury compounds physiological, biochemical and genetic analysis. Microbiol. Rev. 48 95-124. 

Microbial polysaccharides, 20 573-578 major, 20 574t purification of, 20 574-575 Microbial reductions, 76 401-402 Microbial resistance, origin and spread of, 75 303-304... 

Microbial resistance problem, 78 265-266 Microbial stability, of liquid enzyme formulations, 70 269-270 Microbial transformations, 76 395-419. 

Microbial resistance to established organic antibiotics is a potentially serious problem and provides an impetus for the development of novel antimicrobial metal compounds. The potency of Ag(I) ions is well known—but how does Ag(I) kill a bacterium Much current attention is focused on Bi(III) on account of its ability to kill Helicobacter pylori, an organism which prevents ulcers from healing. Bis-muth(III) chemistry has many unusual features a variable coordination number, strong bonds to alkoxide ligands, the stereochemical role of its 6s2 lone pair, facile formation of polymers, and dual hard and soft character. 

Cooling Refrigerators Ereezers Thermal insulation Cold impact Aesthetics Airtightness Ease of cleaning Microbial resistance Durability Cost... 

Small household appliances Kitchen Personal care Aesthetics Eood and chemical resistance Impact resistance Heat resistance Ease of cleaning Microbial resistance Cost... 

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