Direct injection: hybrid

There exists a wide variety of approaches to the use of charge transfer devices in infrared focal planes. We shall discuss five high packing density, high quantum efficiency, approaches appropriate for series-parallel scan 1) IR sensitive CCD, 2) direct injection hybrid, 3) direct injection extrinsic silicon, 4) accumulation mode extrinsic silicon, and 5) infrared sensitive CID with silicon CCD signal processing. The reader is referred to a review article by Steckl et al. for a comprehensive discussion of a number of other approaches not discussed here which include indirect injection pyroelectric detectors and Schottky barrier photoemissive injection [6.1]. Three approaches in our list of five do not require... 

The new cars on the road in the future are likely to be a mix of vehicles including those with electric/ hybrid drive. This would include battery EVs, hybrids with direct-injection diesels, turbo generators and fuel cells. 

Different methodologies of flow analysis were developed—FIA-NMR (Flow Injection-NMR), DI-NMR (Direct Injection-NMR) and other hybrid techniques [3]. Each technique obviously has its own set of advantages and disadvantages that need to be evaluated considering the specific problem to solve (Figure 12.2). The analysis of combichem libraries is facilitated if the sample can be employed without any pretreatment (drying to remove protonated solvents and reconstitution in deuterated solvents). This possibility not only reduces the time, cost and effort of sample handling but allows the use... 

Fig. 6.8a and b. The use of CCD registers for TDI. (a) IR active CCD register (monolithic focal plane array with photogeneration in the register), (b) Direct injection with Si parcel in series out CCD register hybrid with IR photodiodes or monolithic with silicon IR extrinsic photoconductors... 

Enbrel is a product now approved for medical use that is based upon this strategy. The product is an engineered hybrid protein consisting of the extracellular domain of the TNF p75 receptor fused directly to the Fc (constant) region of human IgG (see Box 13.2 for a discussion of antibody structure) The product is expressed in a CHO cell line from which it is excreted as a dimeric soluble protein of approximately 150 kDa. After purification and excipient addition (mannitol, sucrose and trometamol), the product is freeze-dried. It is indicated for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and is usually administered as a twice-weekly s.c. injection of 25 mg product reconstituted in WFI. Enbrel functions as a competitive inhibitor of TNF, a major pro-inflammatory cytokine. Binding of TNF to Enbrel prevents it from binding to its true cell surface receptors. The antibody Fc component of the hybrid protein confers an extended serum half-life on the product, increasing it by fivefold relative to the soluble TNF receptor portion alone. 

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