Hexyl nitrate

The additives for improving the cetane number, called pro-cetane, are particularly unstable oxidants, the decomposition of which generates free radicals and favors auto-ignition. Two families of organic compounds have been tested the peroxides and the nitrates. The latter are practically the only ones being used, because of a better compromise between cost-effectiveness and ease of utilization. The most common are the alkyl nitrates, more specifically the 2-ethyl-hexyl nitrate. Figure 5.12 gives an example of the... 

Unlike spark-induced combustion engines requiring fuel that resists autoignition, diesel engines require motor fuels, for vhich the reference compound is cetane, that are capable of auto-igniting easily. Additives improving the cetane number will promote the oxidation of paraffins. The only compound used is ethyl-2-hexyl nitrate. 

Four buses converted to ethanol started operation in 1979 and the engine used was an OM 352, 6 cylinder, direct injection engine rated at 96,200 watt (129 hp). The ignition improver was -hexyl nitrate [20633-11-8] which was later changed to triethylene glycol dinitrate [111-22-8] (TEGDN). 

Photolytic. Major products reported from the photooxidation of 2,3-dimethylbutane with nitrogen oxides are carbon monoxide and acetone. Minor products included formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and peroxyacyl nitrates (Altshuller, 1983). Synthetic air containing gaseous nitrous acid and exposed to artificial sunlight (A. = 300-450 nm) photooxidized 2,3-dimethylbutane into acetone, hexyl nitrate, peroxyacetal nitrate, and a nitro aromatic compound tentatively identified as a propyl nitrate (Cox et al., 1980). 

Hexenoic acid, see 1-Hexene 5-Hexen-l-ol, see 1-Hexene Hexyl hydroperoxide, see Hexane Hexyl nitrate, see 2,3-Dimethylbutane, Hexane, 2-Methylpentane... 

Owing to the influence of hydrazine, at room temperature and in the presence of palladium or platinum as a catalyst, hexyl nitrate is transformed into the corresponding alcohol. Amongst other products nitrous oxide and nitrogen are formed during the same process (L. P. Kuhn [45]) ... 

If in this reaction hydrazine is replaced by methylhydrazine, then the hexyl nitrate forms not methyl hexyl ether but hexyl alcohol. 

This study is focused on the analysis of higher accelerations with smaller sized drops, i.e., 0.8-0.4 mm, and. in particular, the breakup of mixtures formed by addition of detonation-sensitizing compounds to existing liquid hydrocarbons to identify the potential of these additives to enhance the relevant processes present in PDEs. Specifically, in this study, ethyl-hexyl nitrate has been added in concentrations of 5% and 10% on a mass fraction basis to JP-10, and shocks of nominally Mach 2 have been generated to study the extent to which the nonhomogeneity of the mixture accelerates the drop breakup process. In an initial study of ignition times of these mixtures in air [7], the 5% ethyl-hexyl nitrate... 

Theoretical analyses [8] have shown that JP-10 has a substantial affinity to destroy free radicals, which may explain the inability of HED to accelerate JP-10 ignition. However, the droplet breakup and vaporization processes are enhanced by the nonhomogeneity of the mixture, and the net result is the acceleration of the processes that precede ignition. Indeed, during the experiments described earlier, mixtures of JP-10 with ethyl-hexyl nitrate ignited after the passage of the reflected shock, whereas drops of pure JP-10 did not. Visualization of the breakup sequence shows that drops of JP-10 with additives break up faster than compared to pure JP-10. 

Droplets of heterogeneous composition appear to break faster than single compounds. Figure 6.4 shows a sequence of JP-10 with 5% ethyl-hexyl nitrate. The Mach number ranged from 2.15 to 2.31, and the Weber numbers ranged from 3900 to 5200 based on mixture measured surface tension. 

A similar situation is noted in Fig. 6.5 for mixtures of 10% ethyl-hexyl nitrate in JP-10. At 22 ps, the deformation and initial breakup are evident, while at later times, 60 and 135 ps, respectively, the drops have experienced a significant breakup, becoming, essentially, clouds of fine mist. 

Hexyl nitrate 2-Methyl-1-pentyl nitrate 2-Methyl-2-pentyl nitrate 2-Methyl-3-pentyl nitrate 2-Methyl-4-pentyl nitrate... 

Potassium hydroxide Potassium chloride Methylene blue Desogren Geisry Barium chloride Benzidine hydrochloride Ferric chloride Phosphotunsrstic acid Tannic acid Ruthenium re l Thorium nitrate Hexyl nitrate... 

If hydrazine is substituted by methyl hydrazine, hexyl nitrate would be converted to hexyl alcohol, but rather hexyl methyl ether. 

The primary products which were quantified include 3-hexyl nitrate, 2-hexyl nitrate, n-butyl nitrate, 3-hexanone, 2-hexanone, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, butyraldehyde and 5-hydroxy-2-hexanone. 2,5-hexanedione was quantified but is thought to be a secondary product, and 5-nitrooxy-2-hexanol was detected but reliable quantification was not possible. 

Note 4—In diesel fuel, the presence of alkyl nitrates such as amyl nitrate, hexyl nitrate, or octyl nitrate causes a higher residue value tlum observed in untreated fuel, which can lead to erroneous conclusions as to the coke forming propensity of the fuel. The presence of alkyl nitrate in the fUel can be detected by Test Method D 4046. 

Nitrooxyhexane [2-hexyl nitrate, CH3CH(0N02)CH2CH2CH2CH3 ] ... 

Nitrooxyhexane [3-hexyl nitrate, CH3 CH2CH(0N02)CH2CH2CH3 ] ... 

AF, 923 S, 1536 C6H13O3N, 3-Hexyl nitrate, CH3CH2CH2CH(0N02>CH2CH3 OH,... 

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