Direct injection engines

Four buses converted to ethanol started operation in 1979 and the engine used was an OM 352, 6 cylinder, direct injection engine rated at 96,200 watt (129 hp). The ignition improver was -hexyl nitrate [20633-11-8] which was later changed to triethylene glycol dinitrate [111-22-8] (TEGDN). 

Zhao, F., D.L. Harrington, and M.C. Lai, Automotive Gasoline Direct-Injection Engines, Warrendale, PA Society of Automotive Engineers, 2002. 

Smith, J.D. and V. Sick, Crank-Angle Resolved Imaging of Fuel Distribution, Ignition and Combustion in a Spark-Ignition Direct-Injection Engine. SAE Paper 2005-01-3753,2005. 

Fajardo, C.M. and V. Sick, Flow field assessment in a fired spray-guided spark-ignition direct-injection engine based on UV particle image velocimetry with sub crank angle resolution. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 31(2) 3023-3031, 2007. 

Wyszynski, R, R. Aboagye, R. Stone, and G. Kalghatgi, Combustion imaging and analysis in a gasoline direct injection engine. SAE, 2004-01-0045,2004. 

Figure 7.5. Vehicle speed and exhaust gas flow rate evolutions for the NEDC and US06 cycle for a 2.21 Diesel direct injection engine.

Some early spray models were based on the combination of a discrete droplet model with a multidimensional gas flow model for the prediction of turbulent combustion of liquid fuels in steady flow combustors and in direct injection engines. In an improved spray model,[438] the full Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations were... 

Iwamoto Y, Noma K, Nakayama O, Yamauchi T, Ando H (1997) Development of gasoline direction injection engine. SAE Paper 970541, doi 10.4271/970541... 

The introduction of ULEV required additional measures to improve lambda control accuracy plus extended malfunction diagnostics [14, 15]. Furthermore, the development of gasoline direct-injection engines and advanced electronic diesel control needed linear lambda control using the whole lambda range of X = 0.7-air. 

The increasing market share of direct injection engines and diesel engines, for the reduction of fuel consumption, which need new technologies in the exhaust after-treatment system. 

Glass, R.S., J. Milliken, K. Howden and R. Sullivan (eds), 2000. "Sensor Needs and Requirements for Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Systems and Direct-Injection Engines", LLNL, (http //www.ott.doe.gov/pdfs/ sensors report.pdf). 

Air is introduced during the intake phase and progressively compressed whilst the piston moves from the BDC to the TDC. This compression also causes a significant rise in temperature. The compression ratio of diesel engines is of the order of 15 to 20 for direct injection engines and of 20 to 23 for indirect injection engines. 

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