Direct injection into

Ready availabiHty and easy appHcation of bulk Hquid carbon dioxide have caused it to replace dry ice in many cases. Liquid CO2 can be stored without loss and is easily measured or weighed. Liquid carbon dioxide is also used, along with dry ice, for direct injection into chemical reaction systems to control temperature. 

The sources of particulate matter in the atmosphere can be primary, directly injected into the atmosphere, or secondary, formed in the atmosphere by gas-to-particle conversion processes (13). The primary sources of fine particles are combustion processes, e.g., power plants and diesel... 

Dry scrubber An absorption system which uses a dry solvent directly injected into the gas stream. 

Ion chromatography has been successfully applied to the quantitative analysis of ions in many diverse types of industrial and environmental samples. The technique has also been valuable for microelemental analysis, e.g. for the determination of sulphur, chlorine, bromine, phosphorus and iodine as heteroatoms in solid samples. Combustion in a Schoniger oxygen flask (Section 3.31 )is a widely used method of degrading such samples, the products of combustion being absorbed in solution as anionic or cationic forms, and the solution then directly injected into the ion chromatograph. 

The use of electric powered steam generators, steam-to-steam heat exchangers, or reboilers to provide steam to steamtables, humidifiers, autoclaves, and for direct injection into the process. Where this type of approach is employed, it generally is necessary to provide a high quality water source to avoid rapid internal deposition of crystalline scales and foulants. 

Figure 19. Universal calibration curves for GPC 1 and GPC 2 based on hydrodynamic volume in GPC 1 (Vthf) (J) 100% THF (B3, Table I) obtained by sampling narrow standards infected into GPC 1 (A3, Table I) (2) 57% n-heptane in THF (B4, Table 1) (obtained as in 1 above) (3) 57% n-heptane in THF (B4, Table 1), obtained by direct injection into GPC 2 (4) 62% n-heptane in THF (B5, Table 1) (obtained as in 3 above) (5) 100% THF (A3, Table I), obtained by sampling GPC 1 (NBS706, 0.375 and 0.750 mg into GPC 1 and...

Table V shows the concentrations of polymer (usually in THF/polymer/monomer mixtures), the GPC that they were directly injected into, and the Column Code involved (Ref. Table 1). No effect of different concentration was observed in the chromatograms from GPC 2 when concentrations of samples A to E inclusive were changed by 33%. GPC 1 chromatograms were too disturbed by sampling to be useful except as a rough guide to sampling position.

The difference between curves obtained by sampling GPC 1 and by direct injection into GPC 2 (e.g. curves (2) and (3), Figure 19) is probably due to the more monodisperse nature of the former rather than to any concentration effect (Concentrations into GPC 2 are approximately the same.)... 

When samples were removed during the course of the reaction, the reaction was terminated by adding to water, or to an alkyllithium, or in some cases to trimethylchlorosilane. The unreacted dichlorides could be determined by direct injection into the gas chromatograph (GC), or by the reaction product with an alkyllithium. 

Other common routes of exposition could be percutaneous, in the case that the substance enters into the body through a wound in the skin, or intravenous in the case of direct injection into the bloodstream. 

When a sufficient amount of sample is available (ca. 1 pg), monoenyl compounds can be analyzed by micro-ozonolysis with and without a solvent [146, 165]. Ozonides, directly injected into GC-MS, are reductively decomposed into two aldehydes by heat. Besides this chemical reaction, the double-bond position is easily and high-sensitively confirmed by making an adduct with DMDS, which... 

Typical protein precipitation procedures use one volume of plasma plus three to six volumes of acetonitrile or methanol (or a mixture) with the internal standard at an appropriate concentration for the assay. Poison et al.102 reported that protein precipitation using acetonitrile eliminates at least 95% of the proteins after filtration or centrifugation, the supernatant can often be directly injected into the HPLC/MS/MS system. Usually this step is performed using 96-well plates that are ideal for semi-automation of sample preparation. Briem et al.103 reported on a robotic sample preparation system for plasma based on a protein precipitation step and a robotic liquid handling system that increased throughput by a factor of four compared to a manual system. 

Field experiments of C02 sequestration into the Ogachi HDR have been examined for 4 years by our group (Metcalfe et al., 2006 Ueda et al.2007). In 2007, C02 dissolved water (river water with dry ice) was directly injected into OGC-2 (Fig.3 Run 1 (from September 2nd to 9th) and Run 2(from September 11th to 16th)). Several tracers were also injected at the same time. Water samples are collected at the depth of ca. 800m by a sampler (500ml in volume) and monitored for their... 

A gaseous sample is pulled into an empty container such as a metal canister. In the laboratory, the sample is often chilled to isolate the volatile compounds. The container may then simply be rinsed with a solvent to capture these compounds. The solvent can then be directly injected into a suitable instrument for analysis, such as a gas chromatograph (GC). 

Other techniques to improve throughput are instrumentation based and may involve multiple HPLC systems. The simplest method involves the automated use of solid phase extraction cartridges for sample cleanup followed by direct injection into the mass spectrometer [114], Coupling of multiple HPLC systems to one mass spectrometer allows one column to equilibrate and separate while another column to flow into the mass spectrometer. Multiple HPLC systems may be configured such that the mass spectrometer is only exposed to each serial HPLC eluent as the analyte of interest is eluted [115,116]. Although multiple H P LC-based methods may increase throughput, they also typically decrease sensitivity and may confound data workup and interpretation. 

Analytical Procedures. Incubation mixtures were extracted with diethyl ether except in the case of toxaphene where a mixture of chloroform-methanol (5 1, v/v) was used instead. Ether extracts of DDT, dieldrin, and lindane were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, evaporated using a gentle stream of nitrogen, and the residues were redissolved in n-hexane. Aliquots of the hexane solutions were directly injected into a gas liquid chromatograph (GLC, Varian, model 240 ) equipped with an electron capture (EC) detector (Aerograph Sc H detector) and a 1.5% 0V-101 on chrom GHP 100/120, 5 x 1/8" stainless steel column. The detector temperature was 245°C, injection port 235°C, and the oven temperature was 125°C for lindane, 180°C for DDT and 200°C for dieldrin. Carrier gas was nitrogen at the flow rate of 40 ml/min. 

Sample spiked with internal standard, distilled with FljSCh in a special apparatus, distillate directly injected into GC (free and conjugated) GC-FID 0.1 mg/L 99% at 5.9 mg/L Van Roosmalen et al. 1981... 

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