Digestion manure

Microalgae and oilseed crops can provide diesel fuel. The use of these alcohol fuels can reduce air pollution. Methane made from anaerobically digested manure was used to light streets in England as early as 1895. Anaerobic digestion is also used to produce fertilizers. 

Studies dealing with effects of manure AD on NH3 emissions from fields have been contradictory with some authors reporting lower NH3 emissions with digested manure than with raw manure. 

Digested sludge has been said to be somewhat comparable to farm manure in its content of fertilizer constituents, their relative availability and the physical nature of the material. 

Liebrand, C. B. and Ling, K. C. (2009). Cooperative approaches for implementation of dairy manure digesters. USDA Rural Development. Research Report 217. 

The three most important constituents of FYM are nitrogen, phosphate and potash. Additionally, there are the bulky organic parts derived mainly from the straw and the part of the food that has resisted digestion. Granstedt (2002) showed that the majority of the N (about 90%) in farmyard manure served to maintain the soil humus store and the long term capacity to supply nutrients. 

Juarez-Rodriguez et al. applied the sludge derived from anaerobically digested cow manure in the production of biogas (methane-air), to maize (Zea mays L.) cultivated in a nutrient-low, alkaline-saline soil with EC 9.4 dS m 1 and pH of 9.3. The results showed that the C02... 

Juarez-Rodriguez J, Fernandez-Luqueno F, Conde E, Reyes-Varela V, Cervantes-San-tiago F, Botello-Alvarez E, et al. Greenhouse gas emissions from an alkaline saline soil cultivated with maize (Zea mays L.) and amended with anaerobically digested cow manure a greenhouse experiment. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 2012 35(4) 511-523. DOI 10.1080/01904167.2012.644371... 

CH4 emitted from manure depends primarily on (i) the management system such as solid disposal system, liquid disposal systems, e.g., ponds, lagoons, and tanks, which can emit up to 80% of manure-based CH4 emissions, while solid manure emits little or no CH4. (ii) Environmental conditions are also important. The higher the temperature and moisture, the more CH4 produced, (iii) CH4 emissions also depend on the quantity of the manure produced, which depends on the number of animals housed, the amount of feed the consumed, and the digestibility of the feed, (iv) Manure characteristics depend on the animal type, feed quality, and rumen microbes present in the rumen and digestive tracks. Manure handled in liquid form tends to release more amount of CH4 when compared to solid or manures thrown into the pasture, which do not decompose anaerobically. High temperatures with neutral pH and high moisture content enhance CH4 production [45],... 

Combalbert S, Capdeville MC, Motte JC, Bellet V, Balaguer P, Dabert P, Beline F, Budzinski H, Bemet N, Hemandez-Raquet G (2012) Estrogens and antibiotics elimination during swine manure treatment by anaerobic digestion coupled to aerobic process. Bioresour Technol (submitted)... 

On the other hand there is sometimes the risk that odour reduction increases the volatilization of ammonia. This can be the case with under cage diying of poultry manure or with anaerobic digestion of liquid manure. 

WELSH, F.W., SCHULTE, D.D., KROEKER, E.J. LAPP, H.M. (1977). The effect of anaerobic digestion upon swine manure odours. Canadian Agricultural Engineering 19, 122-126. 

The cattle manure with about 25 p.c. dry matter content and the litter is transported by trailer to the reception hopper for manure and solid organic wastes. From here manure will be delivered by a bucket elevator, with the help of feed screw conveyor into the digester tower made of anticorrosive steel. The slurry and the sewage water mixed with faeces will be pumped into the digester. 

Anaerobic digestion develop cheap simple systems, to operate more reliably with improved gas yields. To develop better methods of utilisation of both the biogas and treated manure while maintaining odour control. 

Jokichi Takamine (1854-1922) went to the University of Glasgow, and then, to the United States to investigate the phosphatic manure, and he established the first company of phosphatic manure in Japan. He produced Takadiastase, a digestive agent containing various digestive enzymes, ribonuclease and cellulase. Amylase was extracted from Takadiastase. In a narrow sense, Takadiastase is one of the carboxyoroteases. He discovered in 1900. 

Cumulative gas production curves showing intensification of biogas production from big manure in a 1001 digester... 

Figure 9.2 Cumulative gas production curves shov ing intensification of biogas production from pig manure in a 100-litre digester. 

Anaerobic digestion yields of the slurries are given in Table 2.5. Due to the higher proportion of lipids in manure, the methane production is higher than in wheat straw. The total amounts of lipid and protein, in particular, are lower in straw than in manure and thus the theoretical methane yield is significantly lower in wheat straw than in manure (Table 2.5). The average methane yields of manure and wheat straw were 14.7% and 10.4% of volatile solids, respectively (Demirbas and Ozturk, 2004). 

---