Liquid disposal systems

CH4 emitted from manure depends primarily on (i) the management system such as solid disposal system, liquid disposal systems, e.g., ponds, lagoons, and tanks, which can emit up to 80% of manure-based CH4 emissions, while solid manure emits little or no CH4. (ii) Environmental conditions are also important. The higher the temperature and moisture, the more CH4 produced, (iii) CH4 emissions also depend on the quantity of the manure produced, which depends on the number of animals housed, the amount of feed the consumed, and the digestibility of the feed, (iv) Manure characteristics depend on the animal type, feed quality, and rumen microbes present in the rumen and digestive tracks. Manure handled in liquid form tends to release more amount of CH4 when compared to solid or manures thrown into the pasture, which do not decompose anaerobically. High temperatures with neutral pH and high moisture content enhance CH4 production [45],... 

Where relief valves are provided on liquid storage tanks or vessels, where there is a possibility of liquid release, i.e., liquid slug, careful evaluation of the release disposal system (e.g., flare header) needs to be undertaken. In some cases, a liquid slug may block a header from releasing pressure and defeat the purpose of the pressure release system. 

The liquid carried in lymph vessels is called lymph it contains lymphocytes and substances acquired from intercellular fluids. Lymph is a key disposal system for the body s waste, including the debris from infectious agents and foreign proteins trapped within. 

Deep well disposal involves injecting liquid wastes into a porous subsurface stratum that contains noncommercial brines [57]. The wastewaters are stored in sealed subsurface strata isolated from groundwater or mineral resources. Disposal wells may vary in depth from a few hundred feet (100 m) to 15,000 ft (4570 m), with capacities ranging from less than 10 to more than 2000 gpm. The disposal system consists of the well with high-pressure injection pumps and pretreatment equipment necessary to prepare the waste for suitable disposal into the well. 

Because a considerable quantity of water is always brought to the surface through production wells in liquid-dominated systems, which needs to be disposed of, their exploitation is not as friendly environmentally as exploitation of vapour-dominated systems. 

After reviewing these problems, we decided to build a satellite battery to handle half the produced liquid on the lease. The central battery was to be modified to increase ns treating and disposal capacity to 32,000 BD (5088 m3/d) by installing some type of water-polishing device between the existing free-watcr knockouts and the produced-water disposal system. 

By-product disposal from vinyl chloride manufacturing plants is complicated by the need to process a variety of gaseous, organic liquid, aqueous, and solid streams, while ensuring that no chlorinated organic compounds are inadvertently released. Each class of by-product streams requires its own treatment and disposal system. 

Contact Condensers Spray condensers, jet condensers, and barometric condensers all utilize water or some other liquid in direct contact with the vapor to be condensed. The temperature approach between the liquid and the vapor is very small, so tne efficiency of the condenser is high, but large volumes of the liquid are necessary. If the vapor is soluble in the liquid, the system is essentially an absorptive one. If the vapor is not soluble, the system is a true condenser, in which case the temperature of the vapor must be below the dew point. Direct-contact condensers are seldom used for the removal of organic solvent vapors because the condensate will contain an organic-water mixture that must be separated or treated before disposal. They are, however, the most effective method of removing heat from hot gas streams when the recovery of organics is not a consideration. 

Conventional sulfuric acid and HF alkylation processes ( >2, ) employ liquid-liquid catalytic systems which are expensive and troublesome because of such problems as maintaining an acid/hydrocarbon emulsion, product separation and waste disposal (H2SO4 process only). A solid catalyst should eliminate many of these problems. In view of their high activity, zeolites have been used by a number of workers (4,5,6,2) cata-... 

The use of solid acid catalysts would eliminate waste disposal problems and allow for more advantageous control of product selectivities. However, rapid deactivation of these solid acid catalysts is a problem that significantly hinders the effective performance and selectivity of these catalysts. We have studied the performance of various solid acid catalysts for their activity/deactivation characteristics and also their shape selective effects. Specifically in the liquid phase system, unlike previous researchers, we have studied the activity/deactivation evolution with time on stream rather than rely on final product distribution only. This approach has allowed us to obtain unique data that clearly describe the deactivation pattern of these catalysts. 

Concentration of 1-micron-size micro-organisms from about 100 ml of liquid, whether drawn from a bio-aerosol collector or from an environmental water source, into a volume of 1 to 2 ml. is achieved by a liquid flow system including a reversible filter through which filtered liquid can be recirculated or disposed of and from which a concentrated sample is recovered by opening a solenoid valve leading to a detector or to a collection container and reversing the pump for a short time. The reversing action flushes the collected particles off the filter and into the detector or container. 

This book contains (Mated analysis of the sources of ground water contamination. Specific topics Include liquid waste disposal systems, industrial waste, municipal waste, oil field wastes, agricultural wastes, injection wells, underground tanks and pipelines, surface waters, and atmospheric deposition. The book also discusses contamination movement and interaction, detection, risk assessment, prevention, and management... 

Fig. 9.5 Liquid transfer systems used in robotic workstations. (A) By pouring. (B) By pipetting with a high-precision syringe. The transfer can be effected either by taking both vessels to a fixed location (as in Fig. 9.4) or by means of a disposable moving pipette.

Cholera is an acute watery diarrheal disorder caused by the water-borne, Gram-negative bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It is a disease of antiquity descriptions of epidemics of the disease date to before 500 bc. During epidemics, the infection is spread by large numbers of vibrio that enter water sources from the voluminous liquid stools and contaminate the environment, particularly in areas of extreme poverty where plumbing and modem waste-disposal systems are primitive or nonexistent. 

Design adequate disposal systems for unwanted and hazardous residues, flammable or dangerously reactive liquid or sludge waste. 

---