Poultry manures

Poultry manure is another valuable source of nutrients to the organic farmer, but it must come from an ethical system. 

Ahn HK, Richard TL, Choi HL (2007) Mass and thermal balance during composting of a poultry manure - wood shavings mixture at different aeration rates. Process Biochem 42 (2) 215-223... 

Ramaswamy et al. [75] Lab-scale in-vessel composting (120 1) Commercial poultry manure Salinomycin... 

Hachicha S, Chtourou M, Medhioub K, Ammar E (2006) Compost of poultry manure and olive mill wastes as an alternative fertilizer. Agron Sustain Dev 26 135-142 Hansen RC, Mancl KM, Keener HM, Hoitink HAJ (1995) The composting process. Bulletin 792 of the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH... 

Poultry manure has frequently been found to increase yields of pastures and crops and is a valued organic fertiliser used by horticulturalists and dairy farmers. However, when this has been applied at high rates (more than about 18t/ha), there are reports of damage to crops and pasture. 

On the other hand there is sometimes the risk that odour reduction increases the volatilization of ammonia. This can be the case with under cage diying of poultry manure or with anaerobic digestion of liquid manure. 

Treatment of livestock manure air drying and composting poultry manure... 

Fresh poultry manure contains 20-23% dry matter. As such this manure cannot be applied by means of the generally available manure-spreading equipment. For that reason water is often added in many enterprises. The diluted manure is stored in cellars or silos and, with the aid of good mixing equipment, the manure can be pumped out of the cellar and spread over the land. 

KROODSMA, W., ARKENBOUT, J. and STOFFERS, J.A. Research Report 85-1 New system for drying poultry manure in belt batteries (in preparation). 

BELL, R.G. (1970). Fatty acid content as a measure of the odour potential of stored liquid poultry manure. Poultry Science 49, 1126-1129. 

Odour quality depends not only on the sensitivity of the human nose but also on the subjectivity of the human language to be able to describe the odour (17). Some chemical characteristics of slurry have been compared to the slurry odour. A relationship between volatile fatty acids (VFA) and odour offensiveness of poultry manure was described by... 

Bell (18). Sobel (19) used a panel of people to assess the odour offensiveness of poultry manure and found a correlation between total solids and offensiveness. 

The slurry is delivered by a bulldozer board into the sewer of the dairy farm from where it flows into the collecting-homogenizing pit by gravitation. There is possibility here to mix poultry manure as well. 

Inhouse poultry manure drying to improve drying during very cold weather. 

Improve odour control during composting process of air dried poultry manure. 

Animal manures should be composted or well-rotted before use. This is to stabilize their nutrients, which might otherwise be washed out by the rain, and to avoid any risk of damage to plants. Manures can be added to a compost pile, or if mixed with bedding they can be stacked up as a separate manure pile. If poultry manure, which is very rich, has no bedding material with it, mix it into a compost pile or stack it with lots of straw. 

Fig. 12.17 Breakthrough curves for a conservative tracer (Ck) and lime-stabilized biosolid (LSB), aerobically digested biosolid (ADB), and poultry-manure biosolid (PMB) colloids eluted from intact (a) Maurry, (b) Woolper, and (c) Bruno soil monoliths (C, effluent concentration, C, influent concentration, (after Karathanasis et al. 2005)...

The most common way to use manure is to spread it uniformly over the garden area several weeks before planting and to turn it under. Two hundred and fifty to 500 pounds of large animal manure per 1000 square feet will improve soil fertility significantly while adding considerable organic material to the soil. One hundred to 200 pounds of poultry manure will suffice. 

Campylobacter jejuni is a normal commensal of the gastrointestinal tract of poultry, pigs, and cattle. In a 12-month abattoir study, Milnes et al. (2007) determined the fecal carriage of thermophilic Campylobacter to be 54.6% in cattle, 43.8% in sheep, and 69.3% in swine. Hutchison et al. (2004) isolated Campylobacter from 13% of fresh cattle manure, 14% of swine manure, 19% of fresh poultry manure, and 21% of fresh sheep manure levels in stored manure were significantly lower. Human carriers also represent significant vehicle by which the pathogen can be transferred to foods. 

Yasuhara A. 1987. Identification of volatile compounds in poultry manure by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr 387 371-378. 

Essential - dry matter, total N, P, K and ammonium-N plus uric acid-N for poultry manures. 

C Soil from cornfields that have historically received swine and poultry manure. Both poultry and swine were fed antibiotics at subtherapeutic levels. 5.8-7.6% in cornfield soils... 

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