Soil saline

Higher salt concentrations (enhanced water conductivity) from urban and industrial waste waters result in lower dilution. Salinity limits the distribution of sensitive plant and animal taxa, and triggers the abundance of others. The presence of the shrub Tamarix canariensis has increased in the saline soils of the low flow affected Tablas de Daimiel (Spain), while the once dominant RopM/Ms alba retreated. 

Yeo, A.R. Flowers, T.J. (1986). Salinity resistance in rice Oryza sativa L.) and a pyramiding approach to breeding varieties for saline soils. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, 13, 161-73. 

Richards, R. A. (1983). Should selection for yield in saline regions be made on saline or non-saline soils Euphytica, 32, 431-8. 

Total porosity Percentage large pores Soil salinity Soil sodium content Humus content... 

Juarez-Rodriguez et al. applied the sludge derived from anaerobically digested cow manure in the production of biogas (methane-air), to maize (Zea mays L.) cultivated in a nutrient-low, alkaline-saline soil with EC 9.4 dS m 1 and pH of 9.3. The results showed that the C02... 

Juarez-Rodriguez J, Fernandez-Luqueno F, Conde E, Reyes-Varela V, Cervantes-San-tiago F, Botello-Alvarez E, et al. Greenhouse gas emissions from an alkaline saline soil cultivated with maize (Zea mays L.) and amended with anaerobically digested cow manure a greenhouse experiment. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 2012 35(4) 511-523. DOI 10.1080/01904167.2012.644371... 

Saline soils vary considerably in their salt content, type of salt, structure and ease to be reclaimed. Dominant anions are chlorides, sulfates and carbonates, sometimes nitrates and bicarbonates. Sodium salts occur most frequently, but calcium and magnesium compounds are common as well, while mixtures of various salts and complex minerals are not exceptional. The non-salt solution contains mainly calcium salts (50-80%) magnesium (15-35%), potassium (2-5%) and sodium (1-5%) make up the remaining cations. In saline soils, however, the percentage of Ca2+ is lower, and the values of K+, Mg2+ and Na+ is higher. 

Saline soils are often recognized in the field by the presence of a white surface crust, by damp oily-looking surfaces devoid of vegetation, stunted plant growth, and sometimes by tipbum and firing of leaf margins. Soil analysis rather than visual observations are nevertheless needed to properly assess salinity. 

Vertisols in Madagascar formed on basalt and marl contain very high Cr (200-540 mg/kg), while alluvial soils have 190 mg/kg Cr (Aubert and Pinta, 1977). In vertisols derived on alluvions, Pb is in the range of 20-45 mg/kg, while the average Cr in saline soils of the region is from 1-22 mg/kg. Vertic soils on marl and basalt contain 700-2400 mg/kg Mn. In soils derived on clayey sands and alluvions, Zn content is 105 mg/kg. Soils formed on alluvions contain 115 mg/kg Ni. 

In vertisols of Tasmania, the average total Ni is 30 mg/kg. Saline soils on limestone contain 1-20 mg/kg of total Ni, and Ni in red Mediterranean soils varies from 5-54 mg/kg... 

In chernozems formed on serpentinite diluvium, Co content is in the range of 10-30 mg/kg, while in chestnut and chestnut vertic soils, Co concentrations vary from 3-15 and 15-45 mg/kg, respectively. Soils on basalt, andesite and gabbro contain 15-68 mg/kg total Cu. Total Mn in chernozems is in the range of 520-850 mg/kg. Chestnut soils have 42-106 mg/kg Zn content. Total Zn in saline alkali soils is in the range of 40-60 mg/kg Zn. Bioavailable Zn (ammonium acetate-extractable Zn) in chernozems, chestnut soils and saline alkali soils of the steppe zones varies from trace amounts to 3.8 mg/kg (1-8.3% of total Zn). In chernozems of Northern Bulgaria, total B is in the range of 25-53 mg/kg. Boron increases in saline soils and saline alkali soils. 

Soils in Uzbekistan have an average Co of 17 mg/kg. Total Cu in humic soils is in the range of 18-22 mg/kg, and total Zn is 83 mg/kg. In subdesert soils formed on loessial clayey loams and saline alkali soils, total Mo is 2.6-4.5 mg/kg, and Mo in some soils is as high as 8 mg/kg. Total Zn in subdesert soils varies from 60-112 mg/kg. Sodium acetate-extractable Zn in these subdesert soils is 2.1-3.2 mg/kg, accounting for 2.3-5.1% of total Zn. In saline alkali soils formed on loess and marine clays, total B content is 160 mg/kg. The exchangeable Mn in arid and semi-arid soils is 7-50 mg/kg, accounting for 0.7-7.8% of total Mn. Saline soils in the Ustyurt region contain 42-80 mg/kg of Pb. 

Total Mo in soils of Russia varies from 1-20 mg/kg. In the Stavropol region, total Zn is in the range of 14.4-71 mg/kg. In the Rostov regions, total Zn is 680 mg/kg. Manganese content varies from 600-1000 mg/kg. Saline soils have low concentrations of total Co. In saline soils, total Cu varies from 60-64 mg/kg and in the very saline alkali soils, Cu is 164 mg/kg. 

Banin and his colleagues (Banin et al., 1997a) have studied the distribution of trace elements in 45 representative Israeli soils with 0.5-68% of CaC03 and 7.0-8.25 pH (Table 2.4). The total Cu concentration ranges from 3.21 mg/kg in a loessial soil to 62.05 mg/kg in a desert stony soil. In general, alluvial soils, colluvial-alluvial soils, and Terra-Rossa soils contain higher Cu than soils in Mediterranean brown and rendzina. The EDTA-extractable Cu content varies from 2-7.5 mg/kg in rendzinas, alluvial soils, and saline soils. 

Bandyopadhyay B.K., Bandyopadhyay A.K. Transformation of iron and manganese on coastal saline soil. J Indian Soc Soil Sci 1984 32 51-62. 

Ravikovitch S., Bidner-Bar Hava N. Saline soils in the Zevulum valley. Bull Agri Exp Sta, Rehoboth. No. 49, 1948. 

Tejada M, Garcia C, Gonzalez JL, Hernandez MT (2006) Use of organic amendment as a strategy for saline soil remediation Influence on the physical, chemical and biological properties of soil. Soil Biol Biochem 38 1413-1421... 

In the lower fan areas Se concentrations were monitored up to 400 pg/L. Similar historical distribution of soil Se content and shallow groundwater content indicate that dissolved selenium species were leached from saline soils by irrigation water. The drainage discharge of shallow groundwater and subsurface irrigation water was accompanied by increasing accumulation of Se in Kesterson Reservoir. 

Increases in soil salinity can hinder the growth of plants by limiting their uptake of nutrients (Grattan and Grieve 1992). The major cations that affect saline soils are Na", Ca ", Mg ", as well K", while the major anions are CP, SO4, HCOj" and NOj". When the soil has a high pH, COf is also present. The nutrients which plants require most are Ca ", Mg " and K". However, the uptake of and Ca " is hindered by the presence of excess Na", and an increased concentration of Ca " in the soil can lead to a deficiency of Mg " (Grattan and Grieve 1992). 

Saline soil Found in arid regions, saline soil has a high salt content that can harm plants. 

Of the seven macro mineral elements required by dairy cattle, five can be considered fertilizer elements (potassium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and sulfur), but sodium and chloride are both toxic lo plants at high concentrations and present practical problems in areas with saline soils. High salt intakes have also been shown lo increase udder edema in heifers. Because of the importance of chloride in nutrition and mclabolisni. research is needed to define the chloride requirements of lactating cows and clarify mineral relationships, especially between chloride and potassium plus sodium-... 

Chloride is also treated as a toxic clement as well as a part of saline toxicity. Over the toxic range, the reduction in growth is approximately linear. For example, at about 3500 ppm chloride in the cultural medium, alfalfa growth will he depressed to about bO s that ol normal. Obviously, in areas with saline soils, there is concern about excessive levels of salt returned to the soil via manure. 

Cilenti, A., Provenzano, M. R., and Senesi, N. (2005). Characterization of dissolved organic matter from saline soils by fluorescence spectroscopy. Environ. Chem. Lett. 3(2), 53-56. 

Feigenbaum, S., and Levy, R. (1977). Potassium release in some saline soils of Israel. Geoderma 19 159-169. 

Inorganic speciation in solution can also affect the mobility of metal ions (Doner, 1978). The formation of an ion-pair with Cl can more than double the mobility of Cd in the presence of 200molm 3NaCl. At the same chloride concentration, however, the mobilities of Cu2+ and Ni2+ are only increased slightly (5-10%), presumably because of very weak complexation with Cl. This mechanism could increase the leaching of Cd from saline soils but it may not be effective in non-saline soils because the ratio of the total concentrations of Cd Cl must be >1 106 before >50% of total Cd is complexed by Cl (estimated using the computer model TITRATOR (Cabaniss, 1987), which considered the chloro and hydroxy complexes of Cd at pH 5.0 and a total Cd concentration of 0.1 mmolm-3 equilibrium constants were taken from Lindsay (1979)). 

Thistle grows in a wide variety of soils, including sand dunes, but it is most abundant in clay soils. It can tolerate saline soils and wet or dry soils, but it grows best in dry soils. There are many other varieties, including Canadian and Bull. 

Qadir, M. Ghafoor, A. and G. Murtaza (2000) Amelioration strategies for saline soils a review.- Land degradation and development 11, 501-521. 

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