Resistance to digestion

Sucrose polyesters, which are made by esterilying sucrose with long-chain fatty acids, have the physical properties of fat, but are resistant to digestive enzymes (40). Olestra, a sucrose polyester developed by Procter Gamble, was submitted for regulatory approval in May 1987. In order to faciUtate the approval process, Procter Gamble has since narrowed the scope of its food additive petition to include olestra s use only in savory and extmded snacks. 

In general, many species of algae have cell walls resistant to digestive enzymes, dark colors, and bitter flavor. AH of these characteristics must be altered to make an acceptable food or feed product. 

From a bioavailabihty standpoint, the fact that a significant amount of nicotinic acid is in a bound form has important biological consequences. Poor bioavailabihty stems from the fact that the ester linkage is resistance to digestive enzymes. In the case of com, this condition can be alleviated if com is pretreated with alkah. This food preparation method is frequently practiced in Mexico for the preparation of tortillas. 

Footprinting DNA with protein bound is resistant to digestion by DNase enzymes. When a sequencing reaction is performed using such DNA, a protected area, representing the footprint of the bound protein, will be detected. 

Appreciable amounts of polyphenols (PPs) associated with both IDF and SDF have been reported in fruit, vegetables, and beverages (Tables 8.3 and 8.4). These compounds may be considered DF constituents in view of the similarity of their properties in terms of resistance to digestive enzymes and colonic fermentability. 

Egg proteins contain many fractions, of which ovoalbumin, ovomucoid, and livetin (an egg-yolk allergen) are the strongest allergens. They are resistant to digestion, thermal denaturation and low pH (for example the allergic properties of ovoalbumin can still be observed at pH 3.0). 

Absorption/Distribution - Oral procainamide is resistant to digestive hydrolysis, and the drug is well absorbed from the entire small intestinal surface, but individual patients vary in their completeness of absorption. Following oral use, plasma levels peak at approximately 45 to 120 minutes. Following IM injection, plasma levels peak in 15 to 60 minutes. IV use can produce therapeutic plasma levels within minutes. About 15% to 20% is reversibly bound to plasma proteins. The apparent volume of distribution eventually reaches approximately 2 L/kg with a half-life of approximately 5 minutes. 

Saline laxatives like MgS04, Mg(OH)2, Mg2 Citrate and Na+ Phosphates act via their osmotic pressure to retain water in the colon. Other osmotic laxatives are carbohydrates such as lactulose, glycerin, sorbitol, and mannitol. They are not absorbed and are resistant to digestion in the small intestine. Most agents are orally administered. It should be noted however that glycerin, sodium phosphates and sorbitol are formulated for rectal use. From lactulose lactic and acetic acids are formed by intestinal bacteria and apart from its osmotic effects it thus acidifies the content of the colon. The reduction of the pH stimulates motility and secretion. 

Native RNase is quite resistant to digestion with trypsin, even at a w/w ratio of 1 20, but small or unfolded fragments would be expected to be digested. When the synthetic enzyme was treated with trypsin, a 70% recovery of protein with a specific activity of 61% was obtained. Treatment of this material with saturated ammonium sulfate (diluted 16 26), pH 4.6, gave 33% of amorphous precipitate and 66% of soluble RNase A. The overall yield from the first Val residue was only 3%, but the specific activity was quite high at 78%. This is as far as the purification was carried out at that time. 

IgG2), whereas bovine, sheep, and horse antibodies are somewhat resistant to digestion and require a full 48 h. 

The seaweeds known as kelps and giant kelps (Laminariales) are built in such a way that they produce detritus more or less continuously. All are divisible into holdfast, stipe and blade (Fig. 7) and the blades normally have a growth zone at the base and a zone of erosion near the tip. They have been likened (Mann, 1972b) to "moving belts of tissue". Growth at the base compensates for erosion at the tip, and in the process large amounts of detritus, both particulate and dissolved, are released into the water. This detritus is readily colonized by bacteria (Laycock, 1974) and appears to be less resistant to digestion by animals than the detritus derived from vascular plants. 

Roos, N., Mahe, S., Benamouzig, R., Sick, H., Rautureau, J., and Tome, D. 1995. 15-N-labeled immunoglobulins from bovine colostrum are partially resistant to digestion in human intestine. J.Nutr. 125, 1238-1244. 

BNA (also known as LNA) has been used in TFOs in a pyrimidine motif at neutral pH. The binding constant of the BNA TFO was about 20 times larger than that of DNA as a result of a large decrease in the dissociation rate constant. A 3 -amino-2, 4 -BNA nucleotide has been prepared to introduce N3 -P5 phosphoramidate linkages. It is introduced as a dinucleotide unit (61), and in thermal stability studies was shown to exhibit superior duplex and triplex stability compared to either BNA or DNA, and shows enhanced resistance to digestion by SVPDE. These properties have previously been observed for N3 -P5 phosphoramidate linkages in DNA. ... 

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