Diaper test

In 1957, Willard Centerwall developed the diaper test in which elevation of phenylalanine was detected in the urine of affected individuals with PKU by applying a ferric chloride solution... 

The accumulating metabolite is metabolized through alternative pathways, mainly the transaminase reaction. Consequently, imidazole pyruvic acid accumulates in the urine. The imidazole pyruvic, like phenylpyruvic, acid reacts with ferric chloride to yield a blue compound. As a result, the diaper test does not distinguish between phenylketonuria and histidinemia. Yet the diagnosis is of considerable importance because histidinemia is a much more benign disease. Furthermore, histidinemia is not alleviated by withdrawal of phenylalanine from the diet. 

The state of the art is a combination of linear low-density polyethylene (PE-LLD) with hmestone for diaper back sheets. By biaxial orientation, the balance of mechanical permeability requirements can be obtained. Because of its PE-like characteristics Ecoflex is a good choice for a biodegradable back sheet. Ecoflex provides a good regulatory basis for these applications because of the positive results of the primary skin irritation test according to OECD 404, as well as the guinea pig test according to OECD 406. 

A 7-day-old girl has had a seizure. The mother explains that the baby has been vomiting and having difficulty feeding for the past 2 days. There is also a strange, sweet smell to her diapers. Physical examination is unremarkable, except for indications of dehydration. Serum test results show normal levels of glucose and ammonia. Urinalysis reveals the presence of a-keto-isocaproate and a-keto-isovalerate. 

Iwata S, Sukegawa K, Sasaki T, Kokuryu M, Yamasita S, Noma A, Iwasa S, Kondo N, Orii T (1997) Mass screening test for mucopolysaccharidoses using the 1,9-dimethylene blue method positive interference from paper diapers. Clin Chim Acta 264 245-250... 

Super slurper has wondrous properties, and it amazed people when it was first demonstrated. For some time no one seemed to know how to exploit its potential, then in 1968 chemists came up with the idea of incorporating polyacrylates into diapers, Here was a way to keep urine away from a baby s bottom and reduce diaper rash. The Japanese, always at the forefront of high-tech innovation, ate it up. Not literally, of course, but they could have — toxicity tests showed that the material was remarkably safe. By 1984 North Americans had also discovered the advantages of superabsorbent diapers, and the product rapidly dominated the market. Soon feminine hygiene products were also incorporating the new technology, as were adult incontinence products. 

Laboratory animals exposed to disposable diaper emissions have demonstrated pulmonary irritation upon inhalation of these emissions in a test chamber. Two brands of these diapers generated the following chemicals in the test chamber ... 

Feces from chEdren may be screened for tryptic activity to detect cystic fibrosis. In the infant, fecal material for these tests is usually recovered from the child s diaper. See Chapter 21 for a discussion of the measurement of trypsin in feces. 

Major Applications Nanotechnology, semiconductors, sol-gel matrix, fuel ceUs,9 display device,10 paints,n packaging system,i2 diapers,i3 contact lens,i4 determining nucleic acids,i mucin in sahva,i water alkalinity,preserving genetic materials,i detecting bacteria,i9 vaginal infection test method o... 

Major Applications Sensors, n display device, photoresists, recording materials, imaging materials, authentication system for secure documents,i decoder system, " Uthium cells, electroplating process, 19 inks,20 2i markers, toners, correction fluid, paints, 5 adhesives, floor coatings, gas leaking detector for safety in industries, toys, food storage, diapers, determination of calcium, lotions, 4 urine analysis test strips, drugs, blood analysis ... 

Major Applications Semiconductors, thin films," recording materials, chemically amplified resists, photography, lithographic plates, inks, toners, detergents," hair dyes, 2 diapers, detecting proteins,i" contact lens, urine analysis test snips, distinguishing between allergies and infections ... 

It has been shown in tests that PLA does not cause irritation to the mammalian body (NatureWorks, 2011k). When 1 million diapers are converted from PET and polypropylene to PLA, it can help to save fossil fuel equivalent to 1,000 gallons of gas/greenhouse gas emissions or driving a car for 12,800 miles... 

Due to the aforementioned problems a specialized collection vehicle for the used diapers was tested in order to avoid contamination of the waste collectors. The following are the results of the trials (Table 6). 

In order to correct the misconception that disposable diapers utilize a large amount of plastics and thus generate toxic gases upon burning, and also to evaluate the amount of air pollution when disposable diapers and sanitary napkins are burned by a small furnace, the following tests were conducted during burning and the results are shown in Tables 14 and 15. 

Caution 1. The material employed for the cooperative burning test was used disposable diapers for adults collected from hospitals and institutions. ... 

From a scientific point of view, medical textiles are located at the interfaces between technical disciplines and life sciences. On the one hand, the technical aspect concerns textile engineering, material chemistry, process control, testing and certification, etc., which are needed for the manufacture of high-quality medical textile products. On the other hand, life sciences such as medicine, microbiology, and other related subjects are required for the development of functional performances of these products. In practice, the different scientific and technical disciplines interact and overlap with one another, with new developments in any one of these branches able to generate new innovations in others. For example, new superabsorbent and gel-forming substances invented in chemistry have been applied in the development of new baby diapers and adult incontinence products. 

Absorption time is the time needed to absorb a certain amount of fluid, which is strongly correlated to the probability of leakage. In this test, a diaper is laid with the backsheet side on a polyurethane-foam base and covered with a cover plate. Weights are placed on the cover plate to simulate the weight of a baby lying on the diaper. Because of the foam base, pressure is distributed equally across the diaper. The cover plate has a hole which is placed over the area where the diaper typically absorbs urine. An application tube containing an electrode connected to a computer is mounted over that hole. A set amount of synthetic urine is pumped into the application tube, and with the help of the electrode the time is measured until all liquid in the tube is absorbed by the diaper. This is repeated three to four times to simulate the repeated urination of a baby. Results are recorded as absorption rates, that is, volume per time (mL/s). 

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