Diaper back sheet

A few other successful 13C 1-NMR determinations should be mentioned. Hunt et al. [28] used 13C NMR to characterise fractions of extracted analytes of PAG and sorbitan ester samples and identified Irganox 1010. H and 13C NMR have been used to identify the main organic components of a breathable diaper back-sheet as LLDPE and pentaerythritol tetra-octyl ester (PETO) [233]. The equally present AOs Irganox 1010 and Irgafos 168 were not detected without extraction. Barendswaard et al. [234] have reported fully assigned 13C solution spectra of these two antioxidants. Chimas-sorb 944 in a polyamide matrix can be determined by H or 13C 1-NMR using solvents such as formic acid, trifluoroacetic acid or trifluoroethanol [235], Both H and 13C NMR have been used to follow the chemistry of a bis-phenoxidemethylaluminum complex (reaction product of BHT and trimethylaluminum) by exposure in air. Pierre and van Bree [216] also used 13C NMR to... 

As cast or blown films we encounter polyethylene in packaging films, bags, cling film, greenhouse skins, diaper back sheets, and high altitude scientific balloons. In these applications... 

The state of the art is a combination of linear low-density polyethylene (PE-LLD) with hmestone for diaper back sheets. By biaxial orientation, the balance of mechanical permeability requirements can be obtained. Because of its PE-like characteristics Ecoflex is a good choice for a biodegradable back sheet. Ecoflex provides a good regulatory basis for these applications because of the positive results of the primary skin irritation test according to OECD 404, as well as the guinea pig test according to OECD 406. 

Many other high volume consumer products make use of one or more core layers with absorbent properties. Among the most quickly and highly developed applications are baby diapers, which use super absorbent fibers. Super absorbent polymer (SAP) molecules can trap and hold hundreds to thousands of times their own weight in fluid, ultimately forming a gel. The super absorbent core layer in a diaper is between a non-woven cover stock, a one or two layer non-woven fluff/pulp sheet that takes up, distributes, and draws liquid into the core, and a microporous back sheet. In addition, elastomeric materials and waterproof elements are incorporated. The super absorbent core not only stores liquid but actively pulls moisture out of the damp or even wet fluff/ pulp, thus leaving the contact areas soft and dry. 

Disposable Infant Diapers. A basic disposable diaper consists of an absorbent core sandwiched between a liquid permeable top-sheet and an impermeable back-sheet (45). The top-sheet, next to the baby s skin, allows urine to flow through it into the core. The back-sheet, made of impermeable plastic, helps keep the bab s clothing dry. The core takes in the liquid, distributes it within the core and holds the liquid under compression from the baby. 

A signihcant market for breathable nonwoven laminates is in diapers, mainly for breathable back sheets. Key producers include Clopay and RKW. 

Most diapers currently available are bulk stmctures. A typical diaper is composed of three main components nonwoven layers (top sheet or facing sheet keep the surface dry to facilitate good skin care conditions, back sheet, and distribution layer that prevents leakage and give a cloth-like feel to the external surface), core layer (fluff pulp, tissue, and polymer transfer fluid from the surface, absorb, and hold excretes), and breathable film. Each has a different contribution to the thermal comfort property of the multilayered diaper, (llhan, ingik, im ek, 2015). 

Tissue essentially serves as a carrier for the pad (the pad is the absorbent core of the diaper) and helps reduce the pinholes created during the compression process carried out by conAnuous drum forming systems. These tissues, typically at 16 g/m or more, protect the inner plasAc from the SAP. Instead of tissue, it is possible to use a low-gauge SMS nonwoven material as the carrier (for the pad) it can be placed right next to the back sheet or as a full wrap material around the core. In order for the SMS carrier to be cost compeAAve against tissue paper, it needs to be less than 12 g/m. ... 

Used to facilitate multiple repositioning of the lateral tape without tearing the back sheet, frontal tapes are made of PP film and attached to the front of the diaper with adhesive. Their use has helped to reduce the thickness of the poly film without the risk of potential tears associated with the opening of the lateral tapes from the back sheet. In premium diapers, a special loop system has been developed in order to use Velcro type fasteners (also called the hook and loop system). This loop tape can use a locked loop or a brushed loop in order to provide a softer texture or a stronger grip. 

For even greater product differentiation, some diapers use decorated films underneath the cloth-like back sheet. Some use as many as nine links with all kinds of well-known characters, such as Disney, Sesame Street, soccer teams, etc. Wetness indicators are useful to user. This is typically used for adult products, but some baby diapers also use it (Disposablediaper, 2015). 

Spunbond — top sheet and back sheet in adult diapers and light incontinence products. 

Nonwovens are formed as sheets from natural or synthetic fibres by dry, wet, or spin-laying operations. The fibres are bound together mechanically by entanglement, thermally by softening synthetics, or chemically by binding with latexes. Both disposable products (such as the lining in diapers) and durable products (such as carpet backing) are made from nonwoven materials. 

The usual disposable diaper consisted of (i) a top sheet through which water passes (ii) a water-absorbing core and (iii) a back panel that is impermeable. Until the beginning of the 1980s, approximately 70 g of pulp was used as the absorption core. Later, the core weight was reduced to 40 g by the introduction of a superabsorbent polymer. The use of the superabsorbent polymer provided such advantages as (i) no leakage (ii) no build up of heat (iii) the prevention of diaper rash and (iv) thin size. 

About 40 percent of polypropylene resin is extruded into fiber and filament, coatings, film, sheet, pipe, and wire insulation. The fiber does not absorb water and is stain- and abrasion-resistant. The largest market for polypropylene fiber is for carpet backing. The fiber also is used to make disposable diapers and other nonwoven fabrics. Because of its strength, lightness, and resistance to weathering and microorganisms, it has replaced natural fiber in rope and cord. 

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