Determination by quantitative

Technology providers use quantitative immunoassays to determine expression data of field material for regulatory submissions. Regulatory authorities require that expression levels of introduced proteins in various plant parts be determined by quantitative, validated methods. Immunoassays are also used to generate product characterization data, to assess food, feed and environmental characteristics, to calculate concentrations for toxicology studies and to obtain tolerance exemption or establish tolerances for pesticidal proteins. 

Many analytical techniques are in use for the qualitative and quantitative evaluation of monomers and oligomers extracted from PA6 (GC, differential refrac-tometry, IR, PC, SEC, HPLC, RPLC, etc.). FTIR has been used for quantitative analysis of caprolactam oligomer content (extract %) in polyamide-6 [113], The method, which involves a 3h extraction in boiling methanol, is suitable for process control and plant environment. Kolnaar [114] has used FTIR characterisation of fractional extracts with pentane, hexane, and heptane of HDPE for blow moulding applications. Vinyl acetate in packaging film has similarly been determined by quantitative FUR. 

R.T. Evans, B. Fried and J. Sherma, Effects of diet and larval trematode parasitism on lutein and / -carotene concentrations in planorbid snails as determined by quantitative high performance reversed phase thin layer chromatography. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. PartB 137 (2004) 179-186. 

Mn was first shown to play an important role in photosynthetic 0 evolution by nutritional studies of algae (7). The stoichiometry of Mn in photosystem II was determined by quantitating Mn released from thylakoid membranes by various treatments (8). These experiments established that Mn is specifically required for water oxidation and that four Mn ions per photosystem II are required for optimal rates of 0 evolution (9). More recently, photosystem II preparations with high rates of Oj evolution have been isolated from a variety of sources (for a review see 10). The isolation of an O2-evolving photosystem II has proved to be a major step forward in both the biochemical and spectroscopic characterization of the O2-evolving system. These preparations contain four Mn ions per photosystem II (11), thus confirming that four Mn ions are functionally associated with each O2-evolving center. 

When the student of chemistry desires to effect the transformation of one definite substance into another, he is told to determine, by quantitative experiments, what are the elements, and what the quantities of these elements, which compose the compound which he proposes to change, and the compound into which he proposes to change it and he is given working definitions of the words element and compound. If the compound he desires to produce is found to be composed of elements different from those which form the compound wherewith his operations begin, he is directed to bring about a reaction, or a series of reactions, between the compound which is to be changed, and some other collocation of elements the composition of which is known to be such that it can supply the new elements which are needed for the production of the new compound. 

As described in Section VII, only chromatography is dependable for determining the (P309)3- anion quantitatively in presence of other condensed phosphates. However, since trimetaphosphate does not rapidly form a sparingly soluble precipitate with any other cation, especially in acid solution, an approximately quantitative determination is possible after precipitation of all other phosphates with barium (71, 180), provided tetrametaphosphate is not present. It can also be determined by quantitative evaluation of infrared spectra (58) and, when only crystalline substances are present, by Debye X-ray photographs (178). 

The benzenoid C-l resonance of styrene units in acrylonitrile-styrene copolymers is particularly sensitive to the sequence of the chain relative configurations of triad sequences can be determined by quantitative evaluation of carbon-13 signals [524], Micro-structures of other vinyl polymers such as polystyrene [525], polypropylene oxide [526], and polyalkyl acrylates [527] have also been investigated by 13C NMR. 

The microwave protocol increased the reaction rate at least two- to threefold, as conversion was only 60-80% within 6 min under conventional heating. This improved coupling efficiency was duplicated with numerous amino acid derivatives and a further two peptide fragments were coupled with the Gly-Wang resin. These couplings were completed within 2 min as determined by quantitative ninhydrin assay. 

Fig 4 Exothermicity of the Ignition Reaction of the Tungsten-Potassium Dichromate System Determined by Quantitative DTA... 

Total moisture all of the moisture in and on a consignment or sample of coal commonly determined by quantitatively air drying a sample and then assaying residual moisture in the air-dried sample thus, total moisture is the sum of the air-dry loss and the residual moisture adjusted to an as-received basis (ASTM D-2961 ASTM D-3302). 

The subunit stoichiometry for the coated vesicle enzyme has been determined by quantitative amino acid analysis (Arai et al, 1988 Xu et al, 1999). 

Figure 7.2 Volume fraction of the tetragonal phase as a function of composition for La-donor doped PZT determined by quantitative X-ray analysis.

Ash content was determined as follows At least 1 g of dry stems, ground to 60 mesh, was ashed in a muffle furnace at 650°C for 18-24 h. Ash content was calculated by weight difference. Carbohydrate and lignin compositions of untreated and treated straw samples were determined by quantitative saccharification using the method of Saeman et al. 

Table 2 shows the operational conditions, the respective CS, and the chemical composition of BSG posthydrolysis liquors for the different posthydrolysis conditions tested. Compositions of posthydrolyzed liquors were expressed as percentages regarding to the concentrations determined by quantitative acid hydrolysis (29). 

The amount of the sulfurisation occurring in the carbon black (N347) filled, TBBS accelerated sulfur-vulcanisation of NR and IR have been determined by quantitative... 

Distribution of Pesticides in Human Organs as Determined by Quantitative Thin-Layer Chromatography... 

Standardization and Testing. Potency is determined by quantitating the Hepatitis B antigen by an antibody-binding assay combined with a determination of the amount of protein. Safety testing typical for cell culture-derived products is also performed, and includes assuring the absence of live vims. 

In the previous Sample Problems and Practice Problems, you were given the concentrations and volumes you needed to solve the problems. What if you did not have some of this information Chemists often need to know the concentration of an acidic or basic solution. To acquire this information, they use an experimental procedure called a titration. In a titration, the concentration of one solution is determined by quantitatively observing its reaction with a solution of known concentration. The solution of known concentration is called a standard solution. The aim of a titration is to find the point at which the number of moles of the standard solution is stoichiometrically equal to the original number of moles of the unknown solution. This point is referred to as the equivalence point. At the equivalence point, all the moles of hydrogen ions that were present in the original volume of one solution have reacted with an equal number of moles of hydroxide ions from the other solution. 

Tempel A, Zukin RS (1987) Neuroanatomical patterns of the p, S, and k opioid receptors of rat brain as determined by quantitative in vitro autoradiography. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 54 4308 1312. 

Direct immunohistochemical analysis of prostatic tissue has become very popular since the development of AR antibodies. However, a disadvantage of this technique in quantitative analysis is that the intensity of the immunohistochemical stain is dependent on the intactness of the structure of the AR. Therefore, mutations or alterations in the structure may reduce staining intensity (T5). Biochemical and immunohistochemical studies of AR content in relation to grade or stage of disease, as well as prediction of response to endocrine therapy, has been inconsistent. Nearly all primary prostate cancer specimens positively express AR protein, as determined by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis as well as by immunohistochemical analysis on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded primary prostate tissues (D12, H14). In advanced-stage prostate cancer, immunohistochemical techniques has shown that metastases in bone, the... 

The benzyl acetate (18) is quantitatively determined by capillary column gas chromatography (GC). Benzyl butanoate (20), formed from butanoic acid (19) concurrently with the formation of benzyl acetate (18), serves as the internal standard (Mansson 1983). Since 1 mol of acetic acid (14) is converted to 1 mol of benzyl acetate (18), the total hydroxyl content of the lignin preparation can be determined by quantitative determination of the benzyl acetate (18). The Mansson procedure is a modification of the Bethge-Lindstrom method for determinating O-acetyl groups in acetylated carbohydrates (Bethge and Lindstrom 1973). 

Donnan GA, Kaczmarczyk SJ, Paxinos G, Chilco PJ, Kalnins RM, Woodhouse DG, Mendelsohn FA (1991) Distribution of catecholamine uptake sites in human brain as determined by quantitative [3H] mazindol autoradiography. J Comp Neurol 304 419-434 Eisenhofer G (2(X)1) The role of neuronal tmd extraneuronal plasma membrane transporters in the inactivation of peripheral catecholamines. Pharmacol Ther 91 35-62... 

It is worthwhile to note that Cannizzaro s work led to approximate values of the relative atomic masses. His goal was not to determine highly precise values for atomic masses but rather to pin down the approximate values (for example, to show that oxygen s relative mass was 16 rather than 8). The most precise values for atomic masses were determined by quantitative experiments in which the combining masses of elements were carefully measured, such as in the work of Berzelius. 

A stock solution of rabbit Cytochrome c was made up in water at a concentration of 4.3 mg/ml. The concentration of the stock solution was determined by quantitative amino acid analysis of a 5pJ aliquot that was hydrolyzed and analyzed as previously described (4). The stock solution was diluted 5-fold with 0. IM ammonium bicarbonate or 0. IM sodium borate (both at pH 8.2) and TPCK-Trypsin in lOmM HCl was added to give a 1 20 enzyme protein solution (w/w). Digestion was carried out at 37°C for 24 hours after which the enzymatic activity was terminated by heating at 100°C for 5 min. 

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