Assessment in foods

Edited by J. P. Kerry, J. F. Kerry and D. A. Ledward 11 Microbiological risk assessment in food processing Edited by M. Brown and M. Stringer 78 Performance functional foods Edited by D. Watson... 

Microbiological risk assessment in food processing Edited by M. Brown and M. Stringer... 

Bitsch, R., Salz, I., and Hotzel, D., 1989. Biotin assessment in foods and body fluids by a protein binding assay (PBA). International Journal of Vitamins and Nutritional Research. 59 59-64. 

Hammond, B.G., Rogers, S. G., Fuchs, R. L. Limitations of whole food feeding studies in food safety assessment. In Food Safety Evaluation. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris, France 1993 pp. 85-97. 

There has recently been tremendous progress made in the development of microemulsion formulations for food use. However, there remains a limited understanding of how these systems interact within the body and if they are toxic, given currently insufficient safety testing and assessment in food environments. With the ever increasing development of nano-... 

Principles for the Toxicological Assessment of Pesticide Residues in Food, IPCS Environmental Health Criteria Document No. 104, International Programme on Chemical Safety, Geneva, Switzedand, 1990, 117 pp. 

P. A. Fenner-Crisp, "Risk Assessment Methods for Pesticides in Food and Drinking Water," Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, presented at the Florida Pesticide Review Council Meeting, July 7, 1989. 

The impact of chemical pollution on the reproductive success and population sizes of wildlife species is often difficult to assess. In many cases, environmental factors such as habitat restriction, stress due to human intrusion and changes in natural food supplies owing to hunting, fishing and restocking policies may have a significant, even predominant, effect on population size. This makes it difficult to determine to what extent, if any, environmental endocrine disrupters may be contributing to observed effects on reproduction or population size in wildlife species. 

The proteins in food supplements are often hydrolyzed to short peptides to make them easier to absorb. A high content of amino acids is deleterious, however. Thus, there is ongoing interest in determining the size distribution of peptides in protein hydrolyzates. Silvestre et al. (29,30) used a PolyHEA column to compare casein hydrolyzates prepared through various methods. They were able to assess the content of the smallest peptides, as well as amino acids (Fig. 8.13). 

Additionally, organotin-catalysed silicones have been used in products such as coatings on baking paper (for use in food preparation), and this use is considered in more detail in the consumer exposure assessment (section 6). Information provided by the Centre Europeen des Silicones (CES, 2002b) indicated that organotin-catalysed silicones are used in only a small proportion of baking paper produced in the EU ... 

Exposures of Children. More studies are needed to assess the exposures of children living in agricultural areas to methyl parathion residues in air, soil, or water. More studies are also needed to assess the exposures of children in the general population to residues of methyl parathion that might be present in food, milk, or water, or on contaminated clothing and skin from occupationally exposed household members. 

Exposures of Children. Data need to be developed to properly assess the exposure of infants who eat processed baby foods containing residues of pesticides such as endosulfan. Several studies have estimated exposure based on endosulfan concentration found in foods typically eaten by infants however, no studies that directly studied infant exposure could be located. Attention should also be given to infant formulas and to the tap water used to prepare infant formulas from condensed or powdered forms. More data are also required to properly assess endosulfan exposure to children who live, play, or attend school near farmlands that are treated with endosulfan. Maps that catalog endosulfan use on crops and present average application rates would better allow an assessment of the potential for children in farming communities to be exposed. The possibility that farming parents work clothes and shoes may carry endosulfan residues into the home also should be studied. In addition, home use of endosulfan, which may result in exposure of children, needs to be investigated. 

Detailed examination of reports in the literature of medicament-borne contamination reveals that the majority ofthese are anecdotal in nature, referring to a specific product and isolated incident. Little information is available, however, as to the overall risk of products becoming contaminated and causing patient infections when subsequently used. As with risk analysis in food microbiology (assessment of the hazards of... 

We expect reward to be pleasurable and it is assessed in animals by their willingness to seek and approach something, such as a lever linked to either food dispensing or brain... 

Tea flavonoids, or tea extracts, are increasingly being added to foods. However, interactions with food and drink components remain unclear, and thus need to be carefully assessed in order that the full potential benefits from consuming tea, in whatever form, can be achieved. Meanwhile, tea catechins themselves undergo extensive O-methylation, glucuronidation, sulphation and ring fission... 

MAZUR w and adlercreutz h (1998) Natural and anthropogenic environmental oestrogens the scientific basis for risk assessment. Naturally occurring oestrogens in food. Pure Appl Chem. 70 (2) 1759-76. 

In all cases the process of risk assessment of food chemicals has up to now ignored the effect of the other constituents present in that food. The scientific approach to risk (or benefit) assessment has so far demanded a... 

The safety of a diet could be defined as the overall risk-benefit of consuming that diet over a lifetime. This concept is not one that is applied in determining the safety of a chemical in food. Safety is almost invariably considered as the absence, or minimisation, of risk and not as the maximisation of benefit. Consequently, the scientific basis for regulating food chemicals is based on principles that were developed for assessing the risks posed by pharmaceuticals and industrial chemicals, and minimising these, rather than for maximising the benefits. 

It is, therefore, perfectly feasible to consider that phytochemicals, at the levels present in foods, are capable of showing a similar dose-response. But, in assessing the benefit-risk associated with intake of a specific level in a food, it is important to establish the responses at doses that are below, or slightly above, the plateau region of the dose-response curve. 

To identify a certain pigment, monochromatic light is required, but the assessment of food quality by a human inspector or by a device requires normal daylight. The evaluation procedure, however, to be discussed in the next section, also involves decomposition into monochromatic (red, green, and blue) regions. Monochromatic dissection of a continuous spectrum by monochromators can be achieved in three ways ... 

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