Other Phosphates

Phosphate pigments other than zinc and aluminium phosphates have received much less attention in the technical literature. This group includes phosphates, hydroxy-phosphates, and acid phosphates of the metals iron, barium, chromium, cadmium. 

Another phosphate pigment that has been studied is lauryl ammonium phosphate. However, very little information is available about this pigment. Gibson briefly describes studies using lauryl ammonium phosphate, but the results do not seem to warrant further work with this pigment [41]. 

Recently, there has been reference in the literature has to further phosphate-based pigments, such as barium phosphate, manganese phosphate, lead phosphate, and chromium phosphate. Utilization of such products has been limited, due to economical aspects [5.71]. 

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Resources of Sulfur. In most of the technologies employed to convert phosphate rock to phosphate fertilizer, sulfur, in the form of sulfuric acid, is vital. Treatment of rock with sulfuric acid is the procedure for producing ordinary superphosphate fertilizer, and treatment of rock using a higher proportion of sulfuric acid is the first step in the production of phosphoric acid, a production intermediate for most other phosphate fertilizers. Over 1.8 tons of sulfur is consumed by the world fertilizer industry for each ton of fertilizer phosphoms produced, ie, 0.8 t of sulfur for each ton of total 13.7 X 10 t of sulfur consumed in the United States for all purposes in 1991, 60% was for the production of phosphate fertilizers (109). Worldwide the percentage was probably even higher. 

Sodium pyrophosphate peroxohydrate, Na4P202 2H2O2, was made commercially by PMC in the 1960s but was discontinued. It is less stable than sodium peroxoborate and sodium carbonate peroxohydrate in the soHd state, but more stable than these in solution. Many other phosphate peroxohydrates of the Group 1 and Group 2 metals are known but have found no uses. 

Alkali Meta.IPhospha.tes, A significant proportion of the phosphoric acid consumed in the manufacture of industrial, food, and pharmaceutical phosphates in the United States is used for the production of sodium salts. Alkali metal orthophosphates generally exhibit congment solubility and are therefore usually manufactured by either crystallisation from solution or drying of the entire reaction mass. Alkaline-earth and other phosphate salts of polyvalent cations typically exhibit incongment solubility and are prepared either by precipitation from solution having a metal oxide/P20 ratio considerably lower than that of the product, or by drying a solution or slurry with the proper metal oxide/P20 ratio. 

The complicated solubility relations, rates of hydrolysis, sclf-disproportionation and intcrcon-version with other phosphates depends sensitively on pH, eoncentration, temperature and ihc presence of impurities.Though of great interest academically and of paramount imporlaree industrially these aspects will not be further considered Triphosphates such as... 

Thinners and dispersants are used to prevent excessive flocculation of clay particles and maintain pumpability of the fluid. Tannins, various lignosulfonate salts, sodium tetraphosphate and other phosphates, and synthetic polymers such as sodium poly(styrene sulfonate-co-maleic anhydride) have been used. 

Besides apatite, luminescence of Mn + has been found in other phosphate related minerals, such as triphte (Ajo et al. 1997). It was proposed that the lattice distortion is smaller for the substituting Mn + ion than for the structural which explains the occurrence of Mn + in several mineral phosphates, while the oxidizing state V is unusual for Mn in aqueous solutions. 

Liquid oral tonic preparations containing glycerophosphates and/or other phosphates and/or central nervous system stimulant and such preparations containing alchohol more than 20 proof. 

The fifth sapphyrin-phosphate structure to be solved is of the mixed chlo-ride/monobasic cyclic AMP salt of diprotonated sapphyrin 4 (Figure 9). While the general features of binding are similar to the other phosphate ester structures... 

As described in Section VII, only chromatography is dependable for determining the (P309)3- anion quantitatively in presence of other condensed phosphates. However, since trimetaphosphate does not rapidly form a sparingly soluble precipitate with any other cation, especially in acid solution, an approximately quantitative determination is possible after precipitation of all other phosphates with barium (71, 180), provided tetrametaphosphate is not present. It can also be determined by quantitative evaluation of infrared spectra (58) and, when only crystalline substances are present, by Debye X-ray photographs (178). 

In ditopic hosts 65 the two cationic substructures are linked by a naphthy-lene diether. Schmidtchen observed the formation of 1 1 phosphoester complexes in organic solution with disilylether 65a and in water with diol 65b. The flexible skeleton enables the hosts to wrap around phosphate forming two pairs of hydrogen bonds with perpendicular main planes as schemed in formula 66 for the 5 -TMP complex [98]. Similarly, the complexation of AMP derivatives, NAD, and other phosphates by the related host 16 (Sect. 2) and its desilylated modification have been reported recently [99]. 

Some exploratory experiments have also been carried out with some phosphate esters. Rate constants for one of these, dinitrophenyl-phosphate, are listed in Table VII. With this substrate, surprisingly, the intrinsic primary amines of the polymer seem to be acting in a turnover pathway, that is, are phosphorylated and then dephosphorylated, but this mechanism needs to be better substantiated. In any event it, it is clear that the rates in the presence of polymer are accelerated more than 103-fold with dinitrophenylphosphate. Even larger accelerations have been observed with other phosphate esters. 

The vesicles of the adrenal gland concentrate adrenaline by a factor of at least 106 and adenosine triphosphate by a factor of 102, whereas they do not concentrate K Na+, Mg2+, Cl , and other phosphates. How is the selectivity achieved ... 

In a series of papers on cobalt and other phosphate glasses, Simpson (1970) and Simpson and Lucas (1971) showed that there is no sign of a Neel temperature down to -IK while the corresponding crystals show a Neel temperature near 20 K. In fact the 1//-T curve shows increased slope at low temperatures. Simpson pointed out that the theorem of Ziman (1952) (see Section 2)—that nearest-neighbour interaction cannot give antiferromagnetism for spherical orbitals— may be applicable here the orbitals are not spherical but are oriented at random. 

However in doing this, we still have to regard the phosphate group as being at the end of a chain of other phosphate groups and as distinct from the oxyanion. 

Calcification can be visualized in two phases. In the first phase, phosphate accumulates within the matrix vesicles through the enzyme hydrolysis of inorganic pyrophosphate (and perhaps other phosphate esters)458. ... 

Russell, R. G. G., Miihlbauer, R. C., Bisaz, S., Williams, D. A., Fleisch, H. The influence of pyrophosphate, condensed phosphates, phosphonates and other phosphate compounds on the dissolution of hydroxyapatite in vitro and on bone resorption induced by parathyroid hormone in tissue culture and in thyroparathyroidectomized rats. Calc. Tiss. Res. 6, 183... 

A number of other phosphate-based glass-ceramic systems have been investigated. Fine-grained glass-ceramics based on crystals isostructural with NZP (NaZt O ) can be prepared from certain transition-metal orthophosphate and silicophosphate glasses (27). The extensive solid solution possible in the NZP phase provides for a wide range in thermal expansion, with coefficients ranging from —20 to 60 x 10-7 /°C. 

In contrast to the ion exchange theory, much evidence indicates that cells have an active ion pump that removes Na+ from cells and introduces K+. For example, the cytoplasm of the giant axons of nerves of squid can be squeezed out and replaced by ionic solutions. Erythrocyte ghosts can be allowed to reseal with various materials inside. Ion transport into or out of cells has been demonstrated with such preparations and also with intact cells of many types. Such transport is blocked by such inhibitors as cyanide ion, which prevents nearly all oxidative metabolism. However, the cyanide block can be relieved by introduction into the cells of ATP and other phosphate compounds of high group-transfer potential. 

Wet-Protes Orfhoplutsphoric Acid contains 30-54% IhO. by weight. When sulfuric acid is added to phosphate rocks in a proportion greater than needed to make single superphosphate, orthophosphoric acid. HjPOj. is produced. This acid is used as an intermediate in preparing other phosphates,... 

The enzyme was purified from Candida utilis in 1965 by Rosen et al. (8Q). Dried yeast was allowed to autolyze in phosphate buffer at pH 7.5 for 48 hr, and the enzyme was isolated in crystalline form from these autolysates by a procedure which included heating to 55° at pH 5.0, fractionation with ammonium sulfate, and purification on phospho-cellulose columns from which the enzyme was specifically eluted with malonate buffer containing 2.0 mM FDP. Crystallization was carried out by addition of ammonium sulfate in the presence of mM magnesium chloride. The Candida enzyme was more active than the mammalian FDPases at room temperature and pH 9.5 the crystalline protein catalyzed the hydrolysis of 83 /nnoles of FDP per minute per milligram of protein. The enzyme was completely inactive with other phosphate esters, including sedoheptulose diphosphate, ribulose diphosphate, and fructose 1- or fructose 6-phosphates. Nor was the activity of the enzyme inhibited by any of these compounds. Optimum activity was observed at concentrations of FDP between 0.05 and 0.5 mM higher concentrations of FDP (5 mM) were inhibitory. 

J. B. Readpaan showed that silica, intimately mixed with carbon and normal calcium phosphate, can, at a high temp., expel all the phosphorus, and form a fusible calcareous slag. Similar results were obtained with other phosphates—e.g. aluminium phosphate. The phosphorus can thus be obtained directly from raw phosphates without the employment of sulphuric acid at an intermediate stage in the process. Retorts were found to be unsuitable as a refractory and shaft furnaces were not successful in working. J. B. Readman then tried to heat the... 

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