Work definition

The title of the book requires that a definition of plastics materials be given. This is however very difficult. For the purpose of this book I eventually used as a working definition Those materials which are considered to be plastics materials by common acceptance . Not a positive definition but one which is probably less capable of being criticised than any other definition I have seen. Perhaps a rather more useful definition but one which requires clarification is... 

To understand the possible benefits, we must first develop a working definition of pollution prevention. Although the term seems obvious, there are often wrong interpretations given to P2 practices. 

The concept of oxidation number leads directly to a working definition of the terms oxidation and reduction. Oxidation is defined as an increase in oxidation number and reduction as a decrease in oxidation number. Consider once again the reaction of zinc with a strong acid ... 

Ivanovici, A.M. Wiebe, W.J. (1981). Towards a working definition of stress A review and critique. In Stress Effects on Natural Ecosystems, ed. G. W. Barrett R. Rosenberg, pp. 13-27. New York Wiley. 

Ten years ago, it was easy to give a working definition of high mass. At that time, most mass spectrometers had a mass range of less than 1000 at... 

Thus from Equation (2.13) we see that a working definition of KM is the substrate concentration that yields a velocity equal to half of the maximum velocity. Stated another way, the Ku is that concentration of substrate leading to half saturation of the enzyme active sites under steady state conditions. 

For most scientific purposes, a reasonable working definition of AI is "A computer program that can learn."... 

The definitions of life which have been formulated in the NASA Exobiology Program as general working definitions are as follows ... 

This expression is only approximate, as it does not make any allowance for the effects of such things as pipe threads, corrosion, or wall damage. To compensate for these factors, an additional allowance is made for the wall thickness in the working definition of the schedule thickness, ts ... 

The fairly recent discovery of bacteria living in obscure environments (Table 9.2) has led to a new classification of bacteria the extremophile bacteria, with a diverse array of likes and dislikes. A useful working definition for extremophile is ... 

If the final disorder of a spontaneous process is greater than the initial disorder, then we appreciate from Equation (4.2) how a spontaneous process is accompanied by AS of positive sign. This will remain our working definition of spontaneity. 

As a working definition, the activity may be said to be the perceived concentration and is therefore somewhat of a fudge factor . More formally, the activity a is defined by... 

As underlined by Mingos and Wales (1990), according to Cotton and Walton (1982) the following statement can be considered as a first-approach working definition a metal cluster compound may be defined as a group of two or more metal atoms where direct and substantial metal—metal bonding is present. 

Based on the properties you observed, write a working definition of each type of solid. 

The concept of polarization is so important that many aspects of this chapter will be discussed in terms of it. Indeed, the root polar- of polarography implies polarization. As a working definition, we say that polarization represents... 

When the student of chemistry desires to effect the transformation of one definite substance into another, he is told to determine, by quantitative experiments, what are the elements, and what the quantities of these elements, which compose the compound which he proposes to change, and the compound into which he proposes to change it and he is given working definitions of the words element and compound. If the compound he desires to produce is found to be composed of elements different from those which form the compound wherewith his operations begin, he is directed to bring about a reaction, or a series of reactions, between the compound which is to be changed, and some other collocation of elements the composition of which is known to be such that it can supply the new elements which are needed for the production of the new compound. 

The actual level of pressure that can be considered hypertensive is difficult to define it depends on a number of factors, including the patient s age, sex, race, and lifestyle. As a working definition, many cardiovascular treatment centers consider that a diastolic pressure of 90 mm Hg or higher or a systolic pressure of 140 mm Hg or higher represents hypertension. In this chapter, ref-... 

From the perspective of the atomic spectroscopist, desirable properties of plasmas include high thermal temperature and sufficient energy to excite and ionize atoms which are purposefully introduced for the purposes of analysis. In terms of atomic spectrometry, this means that we would generally wish to measure the absorption or emission of radiation in the near-ultraviolet (180-350 nm) and visible (350-770 nm) parts of the spectrum. In this sense, plasmas have been variously described as electrical flames or partially ionized gases. A working definition for atomic spectrometry could be as follows ... 

Unfortunately because nano has become somewhat of a buzzword and is currently attracting a lot of research funding, the term is being used loosely to cover a huge range of topics and techniques to do with anything that is fairly small, and it can be difficult to separate what is important. The Royal Society has come up with two working definitions ... 

To understand how and why this information is encrypted in the Periodic Table, we need - and not before time, you might say - to define what we mean by an element. We got a pretty good working definition from Lavoisier if you cannot break a substance down into clearly distinct and still more fundamental constituents, it stands a good chance of qualifying as an element. But the problem with this definition is that it depends on how good a chemist you are, or ultimately on the capabilities of your contemporaneous chemical technology. 

In general, the filler industry recognises these limitations, and tries to use a few relatively simple parameters that, taken in combination, give an approximate, working definition of morphology appropriate to the application in mind. The parameters that are most likely to be encountered are specific surface area, average particle size, effective top size and oil adsorption. The measurement and application of these are discussed in more detail below. 

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