Deterioration inspection

The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) United Engineering Center 345 East 47th Street New York, NY 10017 The ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, under the cognisance of the ASME PoHcy Board, Codes, and Standards, considers the interdependence of design procedures, material selection, fabrication procedures, inspection, and test methods that affect the safety of boilers, pressure vessels, and nuclear-plant components, whose failures could endanger the operators or the pubHc (see Nuclearreactors). It does not cover other aspects of these topics that affect operation, maintenance, or nonha2ardous deterioration. 

The selection of materials to be used in design dictates a basic understanding of the behavior of materials and the principles that govern such behavior. If proper design of suitable materials of construction is incorporated, the eqiiipment should deteriorate at a uniform and anticipated gradual rate, which will allow scheduled maintenance or replacement at regular inteivals. If localized forms of corrosion are characteristic of the combination of materials and environment, the materials engineer should still be able to predict the probable life of equipment, or devise an appropriate inspection schedule to preclude unexpected failures. The concepts of predictive, or at least preventive, maintenance are minimum requirements to proper materials selection. This approach to maintenance is certainly intended to minimize the possibility of unscheduled production shutdowns because of corrosion failures, with their attendant possible financial losses, hazard to personnel and equipment, and resultant environmental pollution. 

In the United States, regulation of emissions from new automotive vehicles has followed the prototype-replicate route. The argument for routine annual automobile inspection is that cars should be regularly inspected for safety (brakes, lights, steering, and tires) and that the additional time and cost required to check the car s emission control system during the same inspection will be minimal. Such an inspection certainly pinpoints cars whose emission control system has been removed, altered, damaged, or deteriorated and force such defects to be remedied. The question is whether... 

Resistance to penetration by micro-organisms is covered by EN 374-2 and protection from low temperatures in EN 511. Careful handling and regular inspection are essential since chemicals and abrasion will eventually cause deterioration of gloves. Rinsing in clean water and drying naturally will prolong their life. 

Subcontracts enable you to choose the degree of control exercised over your subcontractors. With suppliers, your choices are often limited as you have no privileges. Control over your suppliers is therefore exercised by the results of receipt inspection or subsequent inspections and tests. If your confidence in a supplier is low, you can increase the level of inspection and if high you can dispense with receipt inspection and rely on in-process controls to alert you to any deterioration in supplier performance. 

Do inspect items for identity, damage, and deterioration prior to issue. 

The aforementioned reviews and assessments were assimilated to characterize the effect of dielectric, rotational, and mechanical hazards on motor performance and operational readiness. Functional indicators were identified that can be monitored to assess motor component deterioration caused by aging or other accidental stressors. The study also includes a preliminary discussion of current standards and guides, maintenance programs, and research activities pertaining to nuclear power plant safety-related electric motors. Included are motor manufacturer recommendations, responses from repair facilities to a questionnaire, in-service inspection data, expert knowledge, USNRC-IE audit reports, and standards and guides published by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). 

Chapter II Guide for Inspection of Refinery Equipment—Conditions Causing Deterioration or Failures... 

Representative pull tests for the area, size, and type of anchor involved and made by recognized testing methods should be made and recorded. Records should be maintained by the installer for temporary anchors and by the lease owner for permanent anchors. Permanent anchors should be visually inspected prior to use. If damage or deterioration is apparent, the anchor should be tested. 

Equipment should be purchased from reputable manufacturers. They should be located at clearly defined fire points. All equipment should be recharged after it has been used. Manufacturers instructions for maintenance and recharging must be followed closely. Regular inspection and maintenance of all firefighting equipment is essential, otherwise it is liable to deteriorate and prove unserviceable when needed. 

A lubricant-starved chain drive shows a brownish or rusty coloration around the joints and in the roller-bushing areas when the link is disassembled and the pin inspected. The normal highly polished surface of the pin will have deteriorated to a roughened, grooved, or galled surface that can eventually destroy the hardened surfaces of the chain parts and increase wear until the drive is completely destroyed. This also will be hue if a lubricant that does not meet the chain s technical specifications is used. 

While preventive maintenance is concerned with regularly testing, and reconditioning equipment to prevent failures in service and premature deterioration, it follows that predictive maintenance procedures are concerned with the ability to predict when the equipment will fail and then developing schedules to implement timely repairs. Predictive maintenance does not imply that with the use of these techniques, failure modes in equipment can be prevented rather, it suggests that the occurrence of failure can be predicted and thus planned for. An appropriate example would be the inspection and change of a major compressor face-type oil seal where random heat checking (FM) has been observed over the years. 

The extent of deterioration may be measured by one or more of the following methods visual examination, change in weight, change in tensile properties. Visual inspection was depended upon primarily in the A-5 tests... 

In cases where a lot of proplnt has successfully passed the one-year exposure to methyl violet paper, only a 3% inspection of the exposed test strips need to be made thereafter until such inspection indicates progressive deterioration of the proplnt or other nonstandard condition, at which time 100% inspection and test of the lot under suspicion will be resumed It is considered desirable that succeeding annual inspections include at least 1/3 of the containers included in the original 3% inspection as outlined above. In this manner, such containers may be considered as a basic comparative control with reference to the balance of the lot under test... 

Table II shows that houses in the reference area contained significantly more lead paint than houses around either the RSR or Dixie site, while the RSR area contained more than the Dixie area. Based on a visual inspection, the paint on the walls and trim areas was Intact and was not peeling, flaking, or otherwise deteriorating.

Further problems could include damaged or deteriorating flue liners, soot buildup, debris clogging the passageway, and animals or nesting birds could also obstruct the chimney. Oil flues need to be cleaned and inspected annually because deposits of soot may build up on the interior walls of the chimney. Tab. 5.7 gives an overview of possible harmful failures of indoor combustion systems. 

Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) regulations, 21 584 Preventive maintenance (PM), 15 463, 464-467. See also PM entries for reliability, 26 991, 992 Preventive maintenance inspection, results of, 15 465... 

Even though the vacuum-oriented surface techniques yield much useful information about the chemistry of a surface, their use is not totally without problems. Hydrated surfaces, for example, are susceptible to dehydration due to the vacuum and localized sample heating induced by x-ray and electron beams. Still, successful studies have been conducted on aquated inorganic salts (3), water on metals (3), and hydrated iron oxide minerals (4). Even aqueous solutions themselves have been studied by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (j>). The reader should also remember that even dry samples can sometimes undergo deterioration under the proper circumstances. In most cases, however, alterations in the sample surface can be detected by monitoring the spectra as a function of time of x-ray or electron beam exposure and by a careful, visual inspection of the sample. 

Support and maintenance. Facilities must be available for the proper storage and maintenance of respiratory equipment. Regular cleansing and sanitation is essential. It is preferable that each employee be assigned his/her own respirator, but, failing that, the user must be satisfied that the respirator is in fact clean and sanitary. All equipment, with the exception of consumable dust filters, which should be replaced after use, must be kept clean and ready for use. Over a period of time, a piece of equipment will deteriorate even when not used. Consequently, regular inspection must be conducted damaged or deteriorated equipment must be identified and replaced when necessary. It is also necessary to ensure a supply of consumables such as replaceable filters as well as equipment components. 

Inspections consist of a visual check of the fire protection systems by qualified personnel to ensure the system is available for immediate use. Visual checks should be made using a checklist. The inspection should verify that the fixed and portable equipment is ready to be operated. The associated devices, fittings, piping, and valving are inspected to ensure they have not been tampered with and that there is no obvious deterioration, physical damage, or condition to prevent operation. Documentation of the visual inspections may vary from... 

An annual inspection should be made of foam concentrates and their tanks or storage containers for evidence of excessive lumps or deterioration. Samples of concentrates should be sent to the manufacturer or qualified laboratory for quality condition testing. 

Inspect the accumulation area at least once a week for any leaking or deterioration of all containers there must be enough aisle space between the containers to allow for inspections. 

Ammunition Inspection consists of tests to determine the current degree of serviceability or deterioration of ammunition as affected by the various conditions of manufacture, storage, handling, maintenance and renovation. 

The chemical sensitivity or life expectancy of reverse osmosis membranes is very important for manufacturing application. Thus chlorine is the most well known reagent for water disinfection. Glaster et al. 61 inspected the influence of halogens on the performance and durability of reverse osmosis membranes. Cellulose acetate was unresponsive to halogen agents but polyamide-type membranes deteriorated rapidly when exposed to halogens. 

Since BkPdr deteriorates with the absorption of moisture and the containers in which it is stored are subject to rust, a thorough inspection of these articles must be made at least once a year. For this, one or several containers from each lot will be opened at the time, of annual inspection and if there is any doubt about serviceability of the pdr, it must be removed to the lab for physical and chemical testing. At the same time, the containers must be inspected for holes, weak spots, etc. Damaged containers should not be repaired but removed and the contents transferred to new containers. All of these operations may be called surveillance... 

Each lot of bombs in storage must be inspected each year for rust, corrosion, exudation and other signs of deterioration, paying particular attention to the condition of fuze wells and threads. If any oily stains are observed on the surface of a bomb container, it must be immediately opened and the bomb examined for exudation. Bombs with a large amt of exudation must be destroyed, as briefly described under Bombs, Destruction of. 

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