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Automotive vehicle

Discuss the relative merits of the prototype testing of automotive vehicles for certification and of certification based on production line testing of each vehicle produced. [Pg.419]

Mobile sources include railroad locomotives, marine vessels, aircraft, and automotive vehicles. Over the past 100 years, we have gained much experience in regulating smoke and odor emission from locomotives and marine craft. Methods of combustion equipment improvement, firefighter training, and smoke inspection for these purposes are well documented. This type of control is best at the local level. [Pg.423]

In the United States, regulation of emissions from new automotive vehicles has followed the prototype-replicate route. The argument for routine annual automobile inspection is that cars should be regularly inspected for safety (brakes, lights, steering, and tires) and that the additional time and cost required to check the car s emission control system during the same inspection will be minimal. Such an inspection certainly pinpoints cars whose emission control system has been removed, altered, damaged, or deteriorated and force such defects to be remedied. The question is whether... [Pg.423]

Installations in ships, watercraft other than floating buildings, railway rolling stock, aircraft, or automotive vehicles other than mobile homes and recreational vehicles. [Pg.635]

The generation of arr pollutants, including VOC s, from automotive vehicles was identified to come from two principal sources vehicle exhaust emissions, and fuel system evaporative emissions [4], Evaporative emissions are defined as the automotive fuel vapors generated and released from the vehicle s fuel system due to the interactions of the specific fuel in use, the fuel system characteristics, and environmental factors. The sources of the evaporative emissions are discussed below and, as presented m the remainder of this chapter, control of these evaporative emissions are the focus of the application of activated carbon technology in automotive systems. [Pg.256]

Commercially the most exploited uses of surface fluorination are fluorinated HDPE fuel tanks for automotive vehicles and to a lesser extent fluorinated HDPE containers for the packaging of solvent-based crop protection chemicals. These products can be fluorinated using either in-line or postfluorination processes.10... [Pg.241]

As far as can be ascertained, no performance standards exist for this product. In the absence of such standards, the existing standards for automotive vehicles were used as guidelines. By using the most stringent standard, the SHED test, a petrol permeation rate of approximately 3.3 g/m2 for 24 h at 40°C can be estimated. With a single-fluorination treatment a pipe already exceeds this standard with a steady state permeation rate of 1.7 g/m2 per 24 h at 50°C. Since it is a known fact that permeability increases drastically with a rise in temperature, a permeability ofless than 0.17 g/m2 per 24h at 30°C is expected for a single fluorination treatment. [Pg.245]

Peschka, W. 1986. Liquid hydrogen fueled automotive vehicles in Germany-status and development. Int J Hydrogen Energy 11 721-728. [Pg.270]

The example of the textile chain demonstrates (i) how much the techni-cal/aesthetic quality of products and chemicals-related product security are interdependent and (ii) what requirements exist for a quality management system beyond the supply chain level. Only the major brands can take this initiative on a global scale. For cosmetic, medical devices and food products, as well as technical products with high safety requirements (such as aircraft), management systems beyond supply chain level have now become a matter of survival. The same holds true for products that are subject to special waste and design regulations in Europe (such as automotive vehicles and electronic equipment). [Pg.134]

Houdry s solution to the problem was the first catalytic converter ever designed for an automotive vehicle. The catalytic converters found on almost all cars and trucks in use today are still strikingly similar to his invention. Exhaust gases passed into the converter and over a bed of platinum catalyst, then exited with a greatly reduced concentration of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and unburned hydrocarbons. Houdry obtained a patent for his device in 1956 and founded a company, Oxy-Catalyst, to manufacture and sell the new product. [Pg.31]

The primary system for controlling VOC emissions from automotive vehicles is the catalytic converter, described earlier in this chapter (see "Oxides of Nitrogen on pages 24-33). A number of different technologies have been developed for removing VOCs from flue gases of stationary sources. They include thermal and catalytic incineration, adsorption, absorption, and biofiltration. [Pg.45]

Of these chemicals, the EPA has traditionally focused its monitoring efforts on only one, lead. The reason is that lead (in the form of tetraethyl lead (C2H5) Pb) was once used extensively as a fuel additive to reduce the problems of engine "knocking in automotive vehicles. Because of the health problems posed by lead, however, tetraethyl lead was banned from use in automotive fuels in 1976. [Pg.48]

In 1970, the total emission of lead into the atmosphere amounted to about 242,000 tons (220,000 metric tons). Of this amount, about 95 percent was from automotive vehicle exhausts, through the decom-... [Pg.48]

High annual average concentration levels of various pollutants, e.g. benzene, lead, sulfur dioxide (S02), and particulate matter (PM). As in the case of air pollution at the local level, this type of pollution is linked to specific pollutants resulting from either large industrial and power plants or automotive vehicles. [Pg.3]

Despite the benefits from stringent legislation and advances in environmental technology, the increase in the fleet of automotive vehicles and overpopulation in urban areas results in bad ah quality. It is estimated that up to 45% of Europe s urban population remains exposed to particulate concentrations above limit values, and up to 30% to ozone concentrations above target levels that assure human health protection. The concentrations of various pollutants in the atmosphere in various cities across Europe are shown in Table 1.4. The data in the table are from WHO s Healthy Cities Air Management Information System and the World Resources Institute, which relies on various national... [Pg.7]

There are, however, some distinctive differences between the environmental and the other aspects of catalysis. Fust, the feed and operation conditions of environmental catalysts cannot be changed in order to increase conversion or selectivity, as commonly done for chemical production catalysts. Second, environmental catalysis has a role to play not only in industrial processes, but also in emission control (auto, ship, and flight emissions), and even in our daily life (water purifiers). Consequently, the concept of environmental catalysis is vital for a sustainable future. Last but not least, environmental catalysts often operate in more extreme conditions than catalysts in chemical production. There are also cases, such as automotive vehicles, where they have to operate efficiently for a continuously varying feed flow rate and composition. [Pg.51]

The need for controlling the exhaust emissions from automotive vehicles has been recognized since 1975. The most effective and tested method proved to be the installation of diree-way catalysts at the exhaust emission system of cars. The development and the improvement M of such catalysts was and will be a complicated effort, since a cat-alyst placed in a vehicle should simultaneously accelerate oxida-tion and reduction reactions, under continuously changing conditions of temperature and space velocity, in contrast to industrial applications where catalysts operate under fixed and MjM controlled conditions. Generally, the catalytic converter of a vehicle has to satisfy the following requirements ... [Pg.52]

As mentioned earlier, the oxidation of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons should be achieved simultaneously with the reduction of nitrogen oxides. However, the first reaction needs oxygen in excess, whereas the second one needs a mixture (fuel-oxygen) rich in fuel. The solution was found with the development of an oxygen sensor placed at exhaust emissions, which would set the air-to-fuel ratio at the desired value in real time. So, the combination of electronics and catalysis and the progress in these fields led to better control of the exhaust emissions from automotive vehicles. [Pg.53]

Increased use of aluminum in automotive vehicles. Approximately 200 pounds (90 kg) of aluminum per U.S.-built vehicle (i.e., wheels, engine blocks, bumpers, heat exchangers, and other parts). [Pg.64]

Terne Plate. This is a sheet-steel product that is coated with an alloy of tin and lead. The coatings range from 50-50 mixtures of lead and tin to as low as 12% dn and 88% lead. Plate used for roofing normally is about 25% tin and 75% lead. In addition to roofing, terne plate is used in the manufacture of gasoline tanks for automotive vehicles, oil cans, and containers for solvents, resins, etc. [Pg.1617]

K) Loading Docks are facilities at ground level or elevated structures designed and installed for transferring expls, ammo and inert materials between automotive vehicles and RR cars(Ref 2, seen 2,p 7 seen 17,p 16 and Ref 3,pp 54-5)... [Pg.321]

Los Alamos National Laboratory, Gaseous Fuel Safety Assessmentfor Light-Duty Automotive Vehicles, LA-9829-MS, November 1983. [Pg.77]

This shift in regional demand will accelerate as customer industries such as textiles, electronics, and automotive vehicles keep moving to emerging markets to take advantage of the low labor costs and the proximity to their customer base. [Pg.100]

A major problem in automotive vehicles is corrosion control, particularly in the northern areas of the country where salts are used to melt road ice. Protection of exposed steel from corrosion is accomplished by electroplating with copper-nickel-chromium films, particularly on trim and finish moldings. Electrophoretic painting of body panels is used industry-wide, and electrogalvanizing to protect steel under paint is soon to become a standard practice for all vehicles. Electrochemical accelerated tests for the integrity of coatings and for the determination of the concentration of coolants are used extensively. [Pg.82]


See other pages where Automotive vehicle is mentioned: [Pg.108]    [Pg.518]    [Pg.108]    [Pg.118]    [Pg.273]    [Pg.9]    [Pg.89]    [Pg.28]    [Pg.3]    [Pg.8]    [Pg.23]    [Pg.219]    [Pg.19]    [Pg.293]    [Pg.1327]    [Pg.1328]    [Pg.430]    [Pg.40]    [Pg.319]    [Pg.100]    [Pg.121]    [Pg.147]    [Pg.23]    [Pg.174]   
See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.44 ]

See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.34 ]




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