Dendritic cells stimulation

Rogers, J. et al., Epigallocatechin Gallate Modulates Cytokine Production by Bone Marrow-Derived Dendritic Cells Stimulated with Lipopolysaccharide or Muramyldipeptide, or Infected with Legionella pneumophila, Exp Biol Med (Maywood), 230, 645, 2005. 

CD25 + T-regulatory cells can markedly inhibit allogeneic dendritic cell-stimulated MLR cultures. Blood 2004 104 453-461. 

Singh, S. et al. (1999) The effects of dexamethasone, cyclosporine, and vitamin D3 on the activation of dendritic cells stimulated by haptens. Archives of Dermatological Research, 291, 548-554. 

Su Z, Dannull J, Yang BK, Dahm P, Coleman D, Yancey D, Sichi S, Niedzwiecki D, Boczkowski D, Gilboa E, Vieweg J. Telomerase mRNA-transfected dendritic cells stimulate antigen-specific CD8 and CY>4 T cell responses in patients with metastatic prostate cancer. J Immunol 2005 174 3798-3807. 

Simoes, C., Silva, A. C., Domingues, R, Laranjeira, R, Paiva, A., and Domingues, M. R. 2013. Phosphatidylethanolamines glycation, oxidation, and glycoxidation Effects on monocyte and dendritic cell stimulation, 66, 477-87. 

Niessner A, Sato K, Chaikof EL et al (2006) Pathogen-sensing plasmacytoid dendritic cells stimulated cytotoxic T-cell function in the atherosclerotic plaque through intereferon-alpha. Circulation 114 2482-2489... 

SCF (recombinant product ancestim) is an early-acting hematopoietic growth factor that stimulates the proliferation of primitive hematopoietic and nonhema-topoietic cells [7]. In vitro, SCF has minimal effect on hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic progenitor cells, but it synergistically increases the activity of other hematopoietic growth factors, such as G-CSF, GM-CSF, and EPO. SCF stimulates the generation of dendritic cells in vitro and mast cells in vivo. 

Inaba, K. et al., Generation of large numbers of dendritic cells from mouse bone marrow cultures supplemented with granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor, J. Exp. Med., 176, 1693, 1992. 

Kiertscher, S.M. et al., Granulocyte/macrophage-colony stimulating factor and interleukin-4 expand and activate type-1 dendritic cells (DC1) when administered in vivo to cancer patients, Int J Cancer, 107, 256, 2003. 

Marshall, J.D. et al., Identification of a novel CpG DNA class and motif that optimally stimulate B cell and plasmacytoid dendritic cell functions, J Leukoc. Biol, 73, 781,... 

Mouse bone marrow cells were treated with GM-CSF for 7 days to induce differentiation into dendritic cells. Cells were either unstimulated or stimulated with (1 jig/ml) LPS and treated with 0 or 200 (jg/ml Panax notoginseng (NotoG) for 24 hours. Alternatively, BMDC were pre-treated with NotoG (0 or 200pg/ml) for 24 hours and incubated with acetylated-LDL for 1.5 hours. 

Heufler, C., Koch, F., and Schuler, G., Granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin 1 mediate the maturation of murine epidermal Langerhans cells into potent immunostimulatory dendritic cells. J. Exp. Med., 167, 700, 1988. 

CD8 + T cells are driven by MHC class I molecules and do not require professional APC. CD 45 Ro + CD8 + T cells are increased in early infection and are often maintained in symptomatic disease however, dendritic cells are important in stimulating cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses in unprimed CD8 + T cell. CD8 cells may also be subdivided based on their cytokine secretion. CD8 CTL clones produce INF-y, IL-6, TNF-a, and ILIO, whereas suppressor cells produce high levels of cytokines associated with Th-2 cells, including IL-4 and low levels of IL-5, IL-6, and IL-10. 

Provenge is a cancer vaccine using cell therapy technique. Dendritic cells are removed from patients. These cells are treated with the prostate-specific antigen prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), which is present in 95% of prostate cancer cases. The activated dendritic cells are returned to the patients and they stimulate the T cells to destroy cancer cells expressing the PAP, thus treating the tumor. 

Maturation Status of Dendritic Cells Is Critical for Induction of Regulatory T Cells Dendritic cells (DCs) have long been regarded as key cells for the induction of immunity and are defined as natures adjuvants [1]. However, these function(s) are only assigned to DCs after proper maturation. Fully matured DCs express a multitude of MHC and other T-cell costimulatory molecules, which enable them to induce immune reactions. In contrast, non-activated tissue resident DCs have been shown not to possess these T-cell-stimulating capacities [1]. For this reason they were regarded as immature precursors that later become a real and fully developed DC after activation. 

Jonuleit H, Schmitt E, Schuler G, Knop J, Enk AH Induction ofinterleukin-10-producing, nonproliferating CD4 + T cells with regulatory properties by repetitive stimulation with allogeneic immature human dendritic cells. J Exp Med 2000 192 1213-1222. 

Bruder D, Westendorf AM, Hansen W, Prettin S, Gruber AD, Qian Y, von Bohmer H, Mahnke K, Buer J On the edge of autoimmunity T-cell stimulation by steady-state dendritic cells prevents autoimmune diabetes. Diabetes 2005 54 3395-3401. 

Stumbles PA, Thomas JA, Pimm CL, Lee PT, Venaille TJ, Proksch S, Holt PG Resting respiratory tract dendritic cells preferentially stimulate T-helper cell type 2 (Th2) responses and require obligatory cytokine signals for induction of Thl immunity. J Exp Med 1998 188 2019-2031. 

Histamine induces intracellular Ca " flux, actin polymerization, and chemotaxis in immature DCs due to stimulation of HRl and HR3 subtypes. Maturation of DCs results in loss of these responses. In maturing DCs, however, histamine dose-dependently enhances intracellular cAMP levels and stimulates IL-10 secretion, while inhibiting production of IL-12 via HR2 [16]. Interestingly, although human monocyte-derived dendritic cells have both histamine Hj and H2 receptors and can induce CD86 expression by histamine, human epidermal Langerhans cells express neither H nor Hj receptors [72]. 

One of the important relay stations in the immune system activation is the dendritic cell. Activation of these cells causes the most efficient stimulation of T-cells, which in turn attack tumor cells (9). This turned the dendritic cells (DCs) into the focus of modern immune research and therapy. However, another difficulty appeared that became a problem recently. In order to activate the dendritic cell, the antigen has to be present in the cytosol and has to be processed there further this is not an easy task to perform. 

---