Cytokine signaling

Mishra L, Marshall B (2006) Adaptor proteins and ubiquinators in TGF-beta signaling. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 17 75-87... 

In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that stromal cells provide a rich environment of signals (cytokines, extracellular matrix, adhesion molecules etc.) that control proliferation, survival and differentiation of hematopoietic progenitor cells (Chailakhian, 1978 Verfaillie, 2002). Recently investigators incorporated stromal components into the expansion cultures (Rawano et al. 

Martinez-Moczygemba M, Huston DP. 2003. Biology of common beta receptor-signaling cytokines IL-3, IL-5, and GM-CSF. J All Clin Immunol. 112 653-665. 

Yoshimura, A. (1998). The CIS family negative regulators of JAK-STAT signaling. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 9, 197-204. 

Akiyama, T. (2000). Wnt/p-catenin signaling. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 11, 273-282. Alekseyenko, T. V., Zhanayeva, S. Y., Venediktova, A. A., Zvyagintseva, T. N., Kuznetsova, T. A., Besednova, N. N., and Korolenko, T. A. (2007). Antitumor and anti-metastatic activity of fucoidan, a sulfated polysaccharide isolated from the Okhotsk Sea Fucus evanescens brown alga. Bull. Exp. Biol. Med. 143(6), 730-732. 

Chan FK. Three is better than one preligand receptor assembly in the regulation of TNF receptor signaling. Cytokine 2007 37(2) 101-107. 

Observational studies Recombinant human interleukin-11 (rhIL-11) is a gp-130 signalling cytokine with hemopoietic and... 

KOMURO A, BAMMING D, HORVATH CM (2008), Negative regulation of cytoplasmic RNA-mediated antiviral signaling . Cytokine, 43,350-8. 

Leptin is a cytokine produced and secreted by adipose tissue in proportion to the body fat content [3]. Mice and humans lacking leptin or its receptor develop a severe hyperphagia and a dramatic degree of obesity which is considerably more pronounced than that of the NDRKO mouse. Thus, leptin is the key adiposity signal in rodents and humans. Leptin secretion appears to reflect the metabolic status of the adipocyte rather than the sheer size of triglyceride deposits, and leptin levels may transiently be dissociated from total body fat. Nonetheless, over the course of a day with unrestricted food supply, plasma leptin levels reliably reflect the amount of total body fat. Local administration of leptin into the brain results in reduced food intake. The vast majority of patients with obesity have elevated serum levels of leptin. Thus, it is believed that the polygenic obesity is due to leptin resistance rather than to inadequate leptin secretion, or to a reduced blood/brain transport of the cytokine. 

Cytokines. Figure 1 Inhibition of cytokine synthesis during activation of the specific immune system. The monoclonal antibodies Muromonab and Basiliximab are specific for the CD3 complex of the T-cell receptor, and for the IL-2 receptor on lymphocytes, respectively. Cyclosporin and Tacrolimus inhibit activation of cytoplasmic NF-AT, a transcription factor essential for activation of the IL-2 gene ( NFAT Family of Transcription Factors). Sirolimus interferes with mTOR signaling and inhibits IL-2 dependent proliferation. Red pharmaka, blue target proteins. 

In mammalia, seven different members encoded by distinct genes have been identified, all of which are activated by a distinct set of cytokines. Diversity in signaling is provided by variants of STAT proteins derived from either alternative splicing of RNA transcripts or proteolytic processing (e.g., STATs 1,3,4, and 5) and the ability of certain STATs to form both homodimers and heterodimers with each other. In response to inteiferon-y monomeric STAT1 dimerizes, while upon interferon-a stimulation a heterotrimeric complex consisting of STAT 1 and STAT2 with associated... 

---