Defects latent

Seller warrants that Product delivered to [insert company name] will (1) conform to the descriptions and specifications as set forth in this Agreement (2) be of good quality and workmanship and free from defects, latent or patent and (3) be merchantable and fit and sufficient for [insert company name] s intended purpose. Payment, inspection, acceptance or use of Product will not affect Seller s obligation under this warranty. 

Developmental toxicity, defined in its widest sense to include any adverse effect on normal development either before or after birth, has become of increasing concern in recent years. Developmental toxicity can result from exposure of either parent prior to conception, from exposure of the embryo or fetus in utero or from exposure of the progeny after birth. Adverse developmental effects may be detected at any point in the life span of the organism. In addition to stmcmral abnormalities, examples of manifestations of developmental toxicity include fetal loss, altered growth, functional defects, latent onset of adult disease, early reproductive senescence, and shortened life span (WHO/IPCS 2001b). 

Examples of defects are cation vacancies (V centres), anion vacancies (E centres) and impurities in crystals. Defects can be generated in various ways, such as irradiation with ultraviolet or ionizing radiation, or by imperfect crystallization. An example is a defect (latent image) generated in photographic emulsion by light irradiation. In addition, finely divided solid... 

The failure rate changes over the lifetime of a population of devices. An example of a failure-rate vs product-life curve is shown in Figure 9 where only three basic causes of failure are present. The quaUty-, stress-, and wearout-related failure rates sum to produce the overall failure rate over product life. The initial decreasing failure rate is termed infant mortaUty and is due to the early failure of substandard products. Latent material defects, poor assembly methods, and poor quaUty control can contribute to an initial high failure rate. A short period of in-plant product testing, termed bum-in, is used by manufacturers to eliminate these early failures from the consumer market. 

The abihty to accept and hold the electrostatic charge in the darkness. The photoconductive layer should support a surface charge density of approximately 0.5-2 x 10 C/cm. The charge also has to be uniformly distributed along the surface, otherwise nonuniformities can print out as spot defects. The appHed surface potential should be retained on the photoreceptor until the time when the latent electrostatic image is developed and transferred to paper or, if needed, to an intermediate belt or dmm. In other words, the "dark decay" or conductivity in the dark must be very low. The photoconductor materials must be insulators in the dark. 

The purpose of the logic within the safety interlock system is veiy different from the logic within the process controls. Fortunately, the logic within the safety interlock system is normally much simpler than the logic within the process controls. This simplicity means that a hardwired implementation of the safety interlock system is usually an option. Should a programmable implementation be chosen, this simplicity means that latent defects in the software are less likely to be present. Most safety systems only have to do simple things, but they must do them very, very well. 

Although the traditional point of reference for safety interlock systems is a hard-wired implementation, a programmed implementation is an alternative. The potential for latent defects in software implementation is a definite concern. Another concern is that solid-state components are not guaranteed to fail to the safe state. The former is addressed by extensive testing the latter is addressed by manufacturer-supplied and/or user-supplied diagnostics that are routinely executed by the processor within the safety interlock system. Although issues must be addressed in programmable implementations, the hard-wired implementations are not perfect either. 

Early life failures are caused by latent defects. 

In an offshore oil production platform, a major accident occurred partly because pump seals failed and therefore an antifoaming agent was not delivered to a crude oil separator. The fact that the pump seals were defective should have been picked up during routine inspections, but the inspections were neglected because of production pressures. The failure to carry out the inspections was a latent error. 

Unlike other defective building elements, roofs generally require prompt repairs. Latent defects in roofs can go undetected with correspondingly more serious consequences when they do manifest themselves. Regular inspection of roofs is therefore doubly necessary, as well as recognition of potential causes of damage, e.g. ... 

From the date of the Practical Completion Certificate, the contractor is no longer liable for liquidated damages, and the defects liability begins to run. Latent defects which appear for the next six or twelve months, depending upon the agreed period, have to be made good by the contractor, free of charge to the client. 

The client is not prevented from making a claim for latent defects after the twelve-month period ends, but may be prevented from making such claims by the Limitation Act 1980 and the Latent Damages Act 1986, after a period of six years for a simple contract and twelve years for a contract made under seal. 

Infections are the result of hematogenous spread from a primary infection site, seeding from a parameningeal focus, reactivation from a latent site, trauma, or congenital defects in the CNS. 

Despite the fact that not all details of the photographic process are completely understood, the overall mechanism for the production of the latent image is well known. Silver chloride, AgBr, crystallizes with the sodium chloride structure. While Schottky defects are the major structural point defect type present in most crystals with this structure, it is found that the silver halides, including AgBr, favor Frenkel defects (Fig. 2.5). 

The formation of latent images is a multistage process, involving the Frenkel defect population. The major steps in the formation of the latent image follow a path similar to that originally suggested by Gurney and Mott (1938) ... 

Lattice defects and latent image formation in silver halides. Fundamental mechanisms of photographic sensitivity, p. 242. London Butterworth s Sci. Publ. 1951. 

Finally, we consider physiological expression or suppression, and the long latent period between carcinogen treatment and tumor appearance. While it makes sense to think in terms of phenotypic lag, clonal growth, vascularization, immuno-suppression, and other phenomena, we just do not know enough today to define clear-cut experimental approaches. However, at the human level, the undesirable endpoints of this series of processes are clear teratologic syndromes, cancer, and heritable birth defects. 

Hemoiytic reactions Rarely, hemolytic reactions have been reported in patients with latent or actual defects in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity who take quinolone antibacterial agents, including norfloxacin. 

In 1944, Flory (3) noted that the moduli of cross-linked butyl rubbers generally differ somewhat from values calculated from the crosslink density according to the kinetic theory of rubber elasticity. In many cases, the modulus also depends on the primary (uncross-linked) molecular weight distribution of the polymer. He attributed both observations to three kinds of network defects chain ends, loops, and chain entanglements. The latter are latent in the system prior to cross-linking and become permanent features of the network when cross-links are added. 

Why and how are nuclei of silver formed by the photolysis What becomes of the other photolytic product, the hole or halogen, and how important is it to photographic sensitivity How do crystal defects and impurities influence sensitivity and latent image formation How can radiation absorbed by dyes at the crystal surface induce formation of silver My intention in this chapter is to review recent experimental and theoretical work bearing on these questions and to offer some conclusions as to what we know, what we think we know, and what can be decided only by future investigations. 

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