Declaration on Principles

Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Cooperation among States in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, General Assembly resolution 2625 (XXV) of 24 October 1970 (1970 Friendly Relations Declaration). 

Bioethics is a discipline that deals with the moral issues of biological research and its application in medicine. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in its 2005 Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights addresses ethical issues related to medicine, life sciences, and associated technologies as applied to human beings. The aim of the declaration is to provide a universal framework of principles and procedures... 

Proponents of the risk-based approach emphasize that decisions should be made on the basis of what is known. There must be clear evidence that harm of a specified nature may be caused by a technology, harm of sufficient severity to justify the proposed restrictions on that technology. In contrast, it is less clear what a precautionary approach involves.1 2 It is often presented as being the taking of restrictive action when there is a lack of clear evidence or of scientific certainty. Principle 15 of the 1992 Rio Declaration on the Environment and Development puts it as follows ... 

Directive 2000/13/EC " deals with labelling, presentation and advertising of foodstuffs and is applicable to all foodstuffs intended for sale to consumers or caterers. Also Directive 89/107/EEC ° sets requirements on labelling of food additives. In principle, all substances used in the manufacture or preparation of foodstuffs and still present in the finished product should be declared on the label in order to inform the consumer about the substances present. It is of no interest how or when the substances are added to the food and therefore substances released from an active packaging system should be declared. 

All definitions of the precautionary principle are similar, essentially stating that when there is uncertainty and credible evidence of a risk, then precautionary actions should be taken. The most widely used definition of the precautionary principle is the 1992 Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, which states... 

At BASF, suppliers and business partners are expected to observe the International Labour Organization s Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights to Work. The Declaration calls on governments, companies, and worker organizations to uphold employees right to organize and bargain collectively and to eliminate child labor, forced labor, and discrimination in the workplace. BASF suppliers found to violate these labor standards can be terminated without notice if necessary (BASF, 2001). 

The Declaration of Principles stated by the World Suimnit on the Information Society (WSIS, 2003) indicated the necessity to share information and knowledge. It thereby places emphasis on the particular importance of Information and... 

The modem clinical trial (see section at end of Glossary) is an example of medical research. The two watershed events for the required ethics and structured ethical directives were the Nuremberg Code in response to Nazi experiments and the Helsinki Declaration on Human Rights (1964). These well-publicized events laid out the basic ethical principles for medical researchers to follow. Yet these principles were violated in several other reference cases and these in turn gave rise to the modem US regulations. 

Based on the Declaration of Principles jointly adopted by a Committee of the American Bar Association and a Committee of Publishers and Associations.)... 

This increased awareness is evidenced, for example, by current European and US environmental policy, and by meetings such as The Earth Summit 92. Included amongst the achievements of the Earth Summit in 1992, were the Rio Declaration on Enviroiunent and Development (27 principles defining the rights and responsibilities of nations in this area), and Ageiida 21 (a blueprint for global actions to support the transition to sustainable developmem), which identifies ttie basis for action, objectives, activities, and the means of implementation to support the Rio Declaration. 

The environmental necessity to stop this negative development by switching to alternative strategies independent of fossil resources nowadays is generally undisputed. Already in 1992, the United Nations Rio Declaration on Environment and Development explicitly specified the political intention and willingness of most countries to forcefully support the development of bio-based and biocompalible materials. Literally, Principle 4 of the Rio Declaration slates that In order to achieve sustainable development, environmental protection shall constitute an integral part of the development process and cannot be considered in isolation from it With the tools of life cycle assessment (LCA) and cleaner production studies, much effort is contemporarily devoted to quantifying the environmental impact and feasibility of processes for production of polymeric materials (Sudesh and Iwala 2008). 

Assembly Resolution 2526 (XXV) on the Declaration of Principles of International Law and incompatible with the purposes and principles of the Charter. 

Sndan Nnba 31 Jnly 1996 Declaration of Principles for the Resolntion of the Nnba Monntains Problem between the Government of Sndan and the Nnba Monntains United SPLM/A, Nairobi 19 Jannary 2002 Agreement on the Cessation of Hostilities... 

Sustainable growth is a conservative risk-averse strategy that is best understood in terms of the precautionary principle implicit in the process. This principle was first formerly affirmed by the European Union back in 1990 in its Bergen Declaration on Sustainable Development. It requires steps be taken to avoid or diminish serious or irreversible damage to the environment (or to human health) from human activities, if such damage is scientifically plausible but remains uncertain. 

The next major event in sustainable development was the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) that took place in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, also known as the 1992 Rio Earth Summit. This was the second worldwide meeting for discussing the nexus of environment and development. During this important event, the triple bottom line of Environment—Society—Economy (the three pillars of sustainable development) was adopted into international agreements related to climate change, biodiversity, and a unified declaration of environment and development. This was summarized in a global sustainable development action plan called Agenda 21 and in the Rio Declaration (27 principles for sustainable development). Some of the content of US conservation and environmental law coincided with those described by many of the principles of the Rio Declaration. 

On taking this station on a former occasion, I declared the principles on which I believed it my duty to administer the affairs of our commonwealth. My conscience tells me that I have, on every occasion, acted up to that declaration, according to its obvious import, and to the understanding of every candid mind. 

ELO (2006) Tripartite declaration of principles concerning multinational enterprises and social policy. International Labour Office, Geneva, http //www.ilo.org/public/english/employment/ multi/download/declaration(2006).pdf. Accessed 4 June 2014 ISO Standard 26000 (2010) Guidance on social responsibihty. ISO (International Organization for Standardization), Geneva... 

Rio declaration on environment and development, made at UNCED 1992, ISBN 9 21 1005094 Principle 15... 

Where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of fuU scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to prevent environmental degradation. [Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, Principle 15, U.N. Doc. A/CONF. 151/26 (Aug. 12, 1992)]. 

In many respects, the Rio Declaration resembled the Declaration on Human Environment issued by the Stockholm Conference in 1972. The 27 non-binding principles of the Rio Declaration included the polluter pays concept and the precautionary principle. The latter recommends that, before a construction project begins, an impact study should be conducted to identify and forestall potential harm to the environment. 

Determinacy The Friendly Relations Declaration s principle on self-determination lacks determinacy. There must literally be tons of material on the meaning and the content of the right to self-determination as proposed by the Friendly Relations Declaration. The principle can be and has been interpreted in many different ways and there is no final conclusion on the content. The main reason for the provision s... 

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