Information retrieval

Budgeting. These changes in the storage and retrieval of chemical information requite that Hbraries and information centers now consider not only what should be purchased but also what monies should be allocated for the purchase of information in nonprint formats such as CD-ROMs (compact disk read-only memory) and on-line databases. Coupled with this is budgeting for the cost of hardware and software to enable the rapid and cost-effective deHvery of needed information (15). The geometric increase in sources, both printed and on-line, has increased the role of information speciaHst as an expert in the deHvery of chemical information. Retrieval from increasingly diverse and complex sources becomes the paramount issue for searchers of chemical Hterature in the 1990s. 

In 1982, the European Space Agency s Information Retrieval Service (ESA/IRS) introduced the ZOOM command, providing users with a mechanism to analy2e retrieved sets. In 1984, service at a baud rate of 2400 was made available by Tymnet and Telenet for pubHc access to on-line databases. In 1985, the first commercial CD-ROM drives for personal computers became available, along with the first commercial CD-ROM databases. 

Existence of the end user was recognized in the 1980s it was not until the 1990s that vendors made concerted efforts to accommodate end user needs by providing faster, easier, and more powerhil ways to retrieve relevant information. In electronic information retrieval, the term accessibiUty implies that data exist in electronic form, that data retrieval is cost effective, intuitive, and easy, and that the electronic medium contributes to the quaUty and usabihty of the information (27). 

C. E. Granito, Institute for Scientific Information, and A. E. Petrarca, Ohio State University "Information Retrieval" in ECT3rd ed., Vol. 13, pp. 278—336, by M. H. Graham and L. Y. Stroumtsos, Exxon Research and Engineering Co., A. B. Lamy, Essochem Europe, Inc., and B. Lawrence, Exxon Corp. 

Citation Searching. In the scholarly Hterature, authors cite earHer pubHcations that relate to the work being reported, thus a subject relationship exists between the citing and cited Hterature. This relationship has formed the basis for the Science Citation Index and related products, developed by the Institute for Scientific Information. Known as Scisearch in its on-line version, the Science Citation Index has become an important information retrieval tool in the second half of the twentieth century. It has been used for straightforward subject searching, in which mode it complements traditional indexed databases and indexes. It has also become a popular tool for hihliometric studies of various sorts, such as attempts to measure the relative impact of research carried out by different individuals or organizations, or the relative impact of pubHcations in different journals. 

Repository, including a hard copy reference hbraiy and collection center and an on-hne information retrieval and ordering system. 

Devise better information retrieval systems so that details of past accidents, in our own and other companies, and the recommendations made afterward are more easily accessible than at present. 

In addition to chemicals covered under TRI, many other chemicals are released. For example, the EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards has compiled air pollutant emission factors for determining the total air emissions of priority pollutants (e.g., VOCs, SO, NO, CO, particulates, etc.) from many refinery sources. The EPA Office of Aerometric Information Retrieval System (AIRS) contains a wide range of information related to stationary sources of air pollution, including the emissions of a number of air pollutants which may be of concern within a particular industry. With the exception of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), there is little overlap with the TRI chemicals reported above. 

---