Countermeasure

We need to have drugs, antidotes, and cures for the weapons of mass destruction that terrorists are likely to use. To develop medicinal countermeasures, the basic science involved must first be understood. For both chemical and biological weapons, the process of molecular recognition by elements of the human body is of utmost importance. However, we do not have a clear understanding of protein surface interactions, the relationship of genes to protein function, and how viruses infect and replicate. All of these processes are chemical in nature and caimot be solved without knowledge of the chemical sciences. 

The measures listed below, which in part were devised to reduce the probability of occurrence of independent failures, are also suited to reduce the probability of occurrence of dependent failures  

Below the different concepts are discussed in some detail. 

If proven and standardized components are used and unnecessary innovations are avoided, the experience with the component t)q e in question is an advantage. Based on the experience design flaws, which possibly existed in the phase immediately following market introduction, have probably already been eliminated. 

As mentioned before, a redundancy implies that more than one component or sub-system is implemented for the same task. A redundancy may also concern actions of the operators, if, for example, the action of one operator is checked by another one. A redundancy reduces the probability of independent failures as well as that of certain dependent failures. The occurrence of dependent failures does not necessarily imply simultaneity. It may rather be the simultaneous unavailability of several components. This may also occur if the components failed one after 

Segregation, which can be realized by thick walls separating the individual trains of a redundant system, protects against secondary failures and external 

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Spec plan. See Spill prevention control and countermeasure plan. 

Proceedings Seminar of Countermeasures for Pipe Cracking in BWRs," Report WS-79-174, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, Calif., May 1980. 

Spill prevention control and countermeasure plan (SPCC Plan) Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP)... 

Countermeasures Water sprays Water curtains Steam curtains Air curtains Deliberate ignition of explosive cloud Dilution Foams... 

Spill prevention control and countermeasures plan (if required)... 

Guidelines for the Preparation and Implementation of a Spill Prevention Control and Countermeasure Plan (SPCC) EPA 40 CFR part 112.7... 

Is a spill prevention control and countermeasures plan (SPCC) required If so, IS a valid one m place ... 

Corrosion Processes, Corrosion Damage, and Protective Countermeasures... 

Provides chemical information to assist response to emergencies involving spills of hazardous materials. Contains chemical, physical, and biological data, and specific response-oriented information (c.g., countermeasures). Developed by (he U.S. Coast Guard. 

Spill Prevention Control and Countermeasure Data Base System... 

A. L. Thygerson, Accidents and Disasters. Causes and Countermeasures, Prentice-Hall, Englewood ClilTs, NJ, 1977. 

All owner or operator who has already prepared a Spill Prevention Control and Countermeasures (SPCC) plan need only amend tliat plan to incorporate hazardous waste management provisions sufficient to comply with tliis section... 

The above data should be useful for tlie planning to be accomplished by tlie local emergency planning committee and first responders, especially fire departments and HAZMAT teams. Both tlie hazards analysis (discussed in detail in Parts II and IV) and tlie development of emergency countermeasures should be facilitated by the availability of MSDS information. If significant new information regarding a chemical is discovered, revised material safely data sheets must be submitted. 

Compare and note tlie differences between a spill prevention control and countermeasure pltm and the emergency response plan of Title 111. 

Once the etncrgency has been cotnmunicated, an appropriate response by the public must be evoked. For tliis to occur, an accepted plan tliat people know and understand tnust be put itito effect. Sitice an etncrgency cati quickly become a disaster if panic ensues, the plan should include the appropriate countermeasures. 

Gegen-lMufigkeit,/. oppositeness (in direction), opposition, -massnahme,/. countermeasure, gegenmischbar, a. consolute. 

Countermeasure Approaches. Santa Barbara, CA Anacapa Sciences. 

The principal aims of security should be to forestall both organized and opportunist crime by cost-effective measures. While there is considerable variety in the type of criminal attack and skills involved, fortunately there is a tendency for them to act in a similar way, and this enables a common philosophy to be applied when determining countermeasures. 

Missile payload varies from nuclear, through HE fitted with proximity fuzes, to chemical warheads. Electronic countermeasures equip-... 

Operate technical activity in support of DA hazardous munitions countermeasures program and technical escort program including explosives ordnance disposal (EOD) for all items assigned to the Army, including foreign surface munitions... 

The proplnts described above are in the realm of prior art and depict those NC proplnts with low smoke potential that are used primarily as gun proplnts. Recent research and development work has been concentrated on creating both gun proplnts and rocket proplnts with reduced smoke output in order to foil countermeasures. Lavitt (Ref 76) found that the concurrent use of optimum proportions of lead stearate and sodium barbiturate in double-base proplnts resulted in a marked reduction in smoke output. This was attributed to the synergistic interaction of the two salts to produce more complete oxidation of the exhaust products. The importance of using the optimum ratio of the two catalysts is demonstrated by the higher smoke values shown in Table 4 for Propellants 105, 106 and 107, when compared to other... 

As discussed in the introduction, boiler water (BW) treatment programs enable the waterside chemistry of boilers and their associated systems to be controlled within certain agreed upon and relevant parameters and specifications. They provide a countermeasure against a wide range of adverse conditions that may strive to develop and hinder efficient boiler operation or cause serious damage. 

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