Countermeasures initial

The upper intervention levels are five times the lower levels of dose. It is desirable to initiate countermeasures at the lower intervention levels. At the upper intervention levels action must already have been taken. 

The fission product noble gas isotopes Xe and Xe are the predominant radionuclides in the primary coolant of a pressurized water reactor when failed fuel rods are present in the reactor core, in particular when the coolant degasification system is not in operation. Appearance of additional defective fuel rods in the reactor core results in a prompt response of the activity concentrations of the xenon isotopes in the coolant. For this reason, periodic analyses at comparatively short time intervals are required in order to initiate countermeasures in time, e. g. starting operation of the degasification system, whenever necessary. 

The type of countermeasure that will be effective depends on whether the initial release is all vapor, a vapor-liquid mixture (aerosol), or forms a pool. 

Accepting this statement and sensational reports by the mass media, the Japan Environmental Protection Agency (JEPA) published Strategic Programs on Environmental Endocrine Disruptors in 1998 (SPEED 98) , presented JEPA s basic policy on this subject, initiated concrete countermeasures and listed about 70 substances, including SDs and STs, that are suspected of being endocrine disrupters (EDs) in a review of the literature [3]. Thereafter, researchers affiliated with the National Institute of Health Sciences (NIHS) investigated certain kinds of containers made of PS, and it was clarified that... 

FoIIow-up checks It is important to be aware of the pharmacological characteristics of diuretics and to carry out check-ups during diuretic therapy at short intervals, so that countermeasures can be initiated early enough in the event of therapeutic derailment. Intervals between check-ups as well as the diuretic dosage depend on the success of the treatment and the course of disease ... 

Many international initiatives followed the International Chernobyl Project, including those highlighted here (after Gonzales, 1996). An agricultural countermeasures project was sponsored by FAO and IAEA. 

Based on the reported anomalies and information from other sources such as network management, firewalls, etc. countermeasures can be initiated. To initiate and control these countermeasures an appropriate mechanism is required. Continuing the analogy between intrusion detection and database theory, the theory of active databases (see e.g. [899]) is applied. The theory of active databases is built around the concept of active rules. An active rule has the following ECA form ... 

Industry traditionally waits for cost increases to become quite severe before adopting economically oriented countermeasures. Their initial reaction to cost increases is to simply pass them through to the ultimate consumer. In this instance, where fuel costs generally comprise a small percentage of the cost... 

The editors wish to thank also Colonel James Little, Commander of the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, for his support of the overall initiative. Dr. James King, who steadfastly pushed us in pursuit of scholarly excellence, and the connibutors for submitting their work in a timely fashion and for making the necessary modifications. The Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense is the Army s lead laboratory for the development of medical countermeasures to chemical warfare agents. It functions as a subordinate command of the... 

Medical personnel must be prepared to recognize a vesicular exanthem in possible biowarfare theaters as potentially smallpox, and to initiate appropriate countermeasures. Any confirmed case should be considered an international emergency, with an immediate report made not only to the chain of command but also to public health authorities. Strict quarantine with respiratory isolation should be applied for 17 days to all persons in direct contact with the index case or cases, especially the unvac-... 

In developing medical countermeasures, each toxin must be considered individually. Some incapacitate so quickly that there would be little time for therapy after an attack. Others cause few or no clinical signs for many hours, but they set off irreversible biochemical processes in minutes or a few hours that lead to severe debilitation or death several days later. Fortunately, some of the most potent bacterial protein toxins act slowly enough that, if they are identified, therapy initiated 12 to 24 hours after exposure is usually successful. Active and passive immunoprophylaxes are currently available but are not licensed for all high-threat toxins. Immuniza-... 

Chemokines were initially recognised for their ability to recruit cells from one body/tissue compartment to another, but further study has uncovered additional functions of paramount importance to host defence. To this end, the effectiveness of the threat of chemokines to the survival of an invading virus has been vindicated by discoveries of viral mimics or homologs which function to subvert or confuse chemokine action mediated by the infected host. Therefore, in the quest to move towards more effective interventions for viral disease, the position of the host chemokine and viral countermeasure must be seen as a key factor in the continually evolving virus-host relationship. 

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