Countermeasures medical

Cowan F. M., Broomfield C.A., Lenz D. E., Smith W. J., Putative role of proteolysis and inflammatory response in the toxicity of nerve and blister chemical warfare agents implications for multi-threat medical countermeasures. J. Applied Toxicology, 2003, 23, 3, 177-86. 

Traditionally, passive defence has been the preferred way to counter the BC-threat, however. Passive defence encompasses the whole array of measures that are available to the soldier detection and identification, physical protection, medical countermeasures and decontamination. 

The model is also capable of addressing the effects of various medical countermeasure protocols upon casualty flows, e.g. when chemoprophylaxis and/or specific therapeuticals for intoxications are available. At present, this aspect is not parameterized properly and therefore is available only as a prototype to demonstrate proof of principle. 

Future developments will include the development of consensus parameters that describe realistic medical countermeasure effects. An important new feature will consist in the assessment of casualty flow onset times, by calculating the dose-build-up and the resulting development of casualty probabilities in time. 

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CHEMICAL CRISIS, PUBLIC HEALTH IMPACT, SPECIFIC MEDICAL COUNTERMEASURES AND EDUCATION... 

Specific medical countermeasures must be prepared and probably the main factors contributing to that are listed below ... 

NO Prins Maurits Lab (TNO-PML), Research Group Medical Countermeasures,... 

HSPD - 18 Medical Countermeasures against Weapons of Mass Destruction. Establishes policy guidelines to draw upon the considerable potential of the scientific community in the public and private sectors to address medical countermeasure requirements relating to CBRN threats. 

The glycolate pipeline continued to supply new candidate agents, each one a related compound with differing properties, and they all seemed deserving of clinical evaluation. It seemed necessary to study any compound that an enemy might conceivably use against us. We felt it important to know whether any of them possessed some unique type of toxicity, requiring novel medical countermeasures. 

The need for a central laboratory or test facility to validate new detection, detoxification, remediation, and medical countermeasure technologies was... 

Today, the uncertainties about the effects of chemical weapons are increased by the large number of chemicals that are available - some are synthetic, some occur naturally, some cause irritation and incapacitation, some are instantly lethal, whereas others are active towards plants and animals. Also although the actual toxicity of chemicals is important (that is the smaller the dose to produce a required effect the better) other factors such as ease of synthesis, storage stability, ease of dissemination and persistence also play a major role. The uncertainty about the effects is further increased by the fact that against some chemicals soldiers have good defence from protective clothing, detectors and alarms, and medical countermeasures. 

Developing products to address urgent public health needs, including new antibiotics, vaccines, and medical countermeasures against emerging infections and bioterrorism attacks (see Grey and Spaeth, 2006, Roy, 2004). 

The post-World War II era ushered in the nuclear age. Some felt the age of chemical warfare was past (Smart, 1997). Events would prove this to be a hasty conclusion. In the USA, research of the G-series agents and medical countermeasures against these agents was accomplished by... 

Nambiar, M., Gordon, N.K., Rezk, P.E., Katos, A.M., Wajda, N.A., Moran, T.S., Steele, K.E., Doctor, B.P., Sciuto, A.M. (2007). Medical countermeasures against respiratory toxicity and acute lung injury following inhalation exposure to chemical warfare nerve agent VX. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 219 142-50. 

T. A., Romano, J.A., Jr., Adler, M. et al. (2008). Novel medical countermeasure of organophosphorous intoxication connection to Alzheimer s disease and dementia. In Chemical Warfare Agents Chemistry, Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics (J.A. Romano, Jr., B.J. Lukey, H. Salem, eds), pp. 219-32. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 

Wetherell, J., Price, M., Mumford, H., Armstrong, S., Scott, L. (2007). Development of next generation medical countermeasures to nerve agent poisoning. Toxicology 233 120-7. 

Cowan, F.M., Broomfield, C.A., Stojiljkovic, M.P., Smith, W.J. (2004). A review of multi-threat medical countermeasures against chemical warfare and terrorism. Mil. Med. 169 850-5. 

Strategies to Enhance Medical Countermeasures After the Use of Chemical Warfare Agents on Civilians... 

Development and validation of in vitro and/or in vivo animal models for rapid screening of molecular hbraries to identify potential medical countermeasures is another priority of the CounterACT program. These models include seizures in small mammals, models of direct lung injury from an inhaled source, animal models of cyanide intoxication, and medium throughput models of dermal or ocular injuries. It is important that models be amenable to use under GLP methodology so that the data generated are acceptable to the FDA. Since adherence to GLP standards may be expensive, earher screens to identify potential hits are usually performed under non-GLP conditions. 

NIAID (2007). NIH Strategic Plan and Research Agenda for Medical Countermeasures Against Chemical Threats U.S. 

Medical Countermeasures and Other Therapeutic Strategies for Sulfur Mustard Toxicity... 

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