Countermeasure effectiveness

Future developments will include the development of consensus parameters that describe realistic medical countermeasure effects. An important new feature will consist in the assessment of casualty flow onset times, by calculating the dose-build-up and the resulting development of casualty probabilities in time. 

Hauer, E. 1983. An application of the likelihood/Bayes approach to the estimation of safety countermeasure effectiveness. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 4(15), 278-298. 

Once the etncrgency has been cotnmunicated, an appropriate response by the public must be evoked. For tliis to occur, an accepted plan tliat people know and understand tnust be put itito effect. Sitice an etncrgency cati quickly become a disaster if panic ensues, the plan should include the appropriate countermeasures. 

The principal aims of security should be to forestall both organized and opportunist crime by cost-effective measures. While there is considerable variety in the type of criminal attack and skills involved, fortunately there is a tendency for them to act in a similar way, and this enables a common philosophy to be applied when determining countermeasures. 

Daburon, F., Y. Archimbaud, J. Cousi, G. Fayart, D. Hoffschir, I. Chevallereau, and H. Le Creff. 1991. Radiocaesium transfer to ewes fed contaminated hay after the Chernobyl accident effect of vermiculite and AFCF (ammonium ferricyanoferrate) as countermeasures. Jour. Environ. Radioactivity 14 73-84. 

The model is also capable of addressing the effects of various medical countermeasure protocols upon casualty flows, e.g. when chemoprophylaxis and/or specific therapeuticals for intoxications are available. At present, this aspect is not parameterized properly and therefore is available only as a prototype to demonstrate proof of principle. 

Reliable information on the epidemiology, disease severity, and effect on public health is essential to sustain the need for a vaccine. The authorities must develop the policy to prevent infectious diseases and in the same time countermeasures against effects of biological weapons attack. 

Countermeasures An action taken or a physical capability provided whose principal purpose is to reduce or eliminate one or more vulnerabilities. The countermeasure may also affect the threat(s) (intent and/or capability) as well as the asset s value. The cost of a countermeasure may be monetary, but may also include nonmonetary costs such as reduced operational effectiveness, adverse publicity, unfavorable working conditions, and political consequences. 

Nerve Agent Antidote Kit (NAAK or MARK I) consists of an atropine auto-injector (2 mg), a pralidoxime chloride auto-injector (2-Pam-Cl, 600 mg), the plastic clip joining the two injectors, and a foam case. The kit serve as a countermeasure to nerve agents, including tabun (GA), sarin (GB), soman (GD), GF, and VX. Military personnel can receive three MARK I for self/buddy aid. Possible side effects of atropine and/or 2-PAM-C1 are deemed insignificant in a nerve agent casualty. Intravenous atropine and 2-PAM-C1 can also be made available. The MARK I kit is manufactured by Survival Technology, Inc., Rockville, Maryland. 

Nisbet, A. F., 1993, Effect of soil - based countermeasures on solid - liquid equilibria in agriculture soils contaminated with radiocaesium and radiostrontium. Sci. Total Environ. 137 99-118. 

Take a Second Medication as a Countermeasure. Sometimes despite problematic side effects, it may be necessary that a patient remain on a particular medication. This is a good time to address the risk-benefit approach to side effects. The best comparison is not the side effects associated with a particular medication compared to the lack of side effects without taking the pill it is the side effects of treatment versus the consequences of the untreated disease state. So what if a patient is on a medication that works for them when previous trials have proved unsuccessful, but there is the presence of one or more uncomfortable side effects This does not necessarily leave you powerless to deal with the side effects. One approach is to use a second medication to counteract the side effect of the first medication. One common example of this approach is using anticholinergic medications such as diphenhydramine (Benadryl) or benztropine (Cogentin) to counteract certain side... 

Chronic use of neuroleptics can, on occasion, give rise to hepatic damage associated with cholestasis. A very rare, but dramatic, adverse effect is the malignant neuroleptic syndrome (skeletal muscle rigidity, hyperthermia, stupor) that can end fatally in the absence of intensive countermeasures (including treatment with dantrolene, p. 182). 

Albuquerque EX, Pereira EFR, Aracava Y et al (2006) Effective countermeasure against poisoning by organophosphorous insecticides and nerve. PNAS 103 13220-13225... 

X-4 air-to-air missile and was planned to be installed on the X-7 surface-to-air missile and some Henschel missiles (Ref 3, pp 205 216—16 and Ref 4, p 41). The wire links system was effective over short distances without fear of enemy countermeasures (See also Ref 3, p 217)... 

The measurement of screening performance of smokes is important because smoke screens are one of the countermeasures for IR surveillance systems. The performance of smoke formulations is decided in terms of total obscuring power (TOP), yield factor (Y), mass extinction coefficient (a) followed by calculation of obscuration effectiveness (a. Y. p). These parameters are defined in the following manner. 

Enemy actions—effect of enemy actions and countermeasures and tactics... 

Most government-sponsored computerized performance test batteries are compilations of computer performance tests that were originally developed and tested in controlled laboratory settings. The purpose of many of these tests is to determine the effects of risk factors on fitness for government duty, and to assess the efficacy of countermeasures designed to offset the performance effects of these risk factors. 

The Walter Reed Army Institute of Research s Department of Behavioral Biology has developed a field-deployable version of a commercial Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT) that has been widely used in sleep research. The software runs on handheld PDAs running the Palm Operating System (Palm OS). It is modeled after the simple reaction time task of Wilkinson and Houghton,57 as modified by Dinges and Powell.58 The Palm OS version incorporates additional stimulus, feedback, control, and data options developed by Dr. Thome. In laboratory studies, performance on the PDA task has been shown to be sensitive to time-on-task fatigue effects, sleep deprivation, and circadian variation.18 Field studies have utilized the PVT to measure the efficacy of caffeine gum as a sleep loss countermeasure. 

---