Costs logistic

The use of multiple study sites can facilitate enrollment and ensure diversity in the study sample. However, as the number of study sites increases, so too does the cost and complexity of managing the trial. Therefore, the proper balance must be struck between issues of cost, logistics, scientific considerations and practicality when deciding on the appropriate number of research sites. 

By 1975, the sulfur market had become very tight in regards to supply and demand. Sulfur prices rose steadily as a result of the decline in involuntary sulfur production, the increase in Frasch production costs, logistic supply problems, an expansion in fertilizer manufacturing, and the ability of the fertilizer industry to pass increased sulfur prices on to their consumers. 

Such a market for trading chemical contracts would effectively help the industry separate the risk of asset ownership from both production and financial risk. Imagine, for example, if a pure commodity player could conclude forward contracts to lock in the price on most of its output volume and input raw materials. It could outsource the sales and logistics process to efficient transactional market makers and low cost logistics speciahsts, leaving it to focus purely on being distinctive in low cost operations. 

Precise figures on risk with current low-dose formulations are not available. The major studies, involving, e.g. 23 000 women, used higher dose formulations and cannot be repeatedly replicated (cost, logistics) to keep up with developments. 

Interest expense Income before Transportation Warehousing Inventory control Packaging Support activities Inventory carrying cost Logistics profit contribution... 

Alaska 35,300 In-situ burning was successful but could not continue because of change in oil state as a result of the storm Sorbents were used where mechanical means were less practical because of costly logistics of skimmers far offshore. However, sorbents were labor intensive and generated additional solid waste. 

An example DPP is shown for a manufacturing company in Table 3.2. Note that not all of the fixed costs have been assigned. DPP assumes that only those costs that can rationally be allocated may be deducted. Thus DPP may be viewed as a development of direct/indirect costing in that it attempts to convert into direct costs logistics costs that would otherwise have been regarded as fixed. In this way, DPP seeks to provide more accurate information about which products are contributing most to profitability - and which are contributing least. 

A key benefit of being able to cost logistics processes is that cost information can be used in conjunction with time information. The synergies of the two can then provide opportunities for identif5dng activities which create either value or waste. 

Refinishing costs Logistic delays Loss of troop confidence Reduced accuracy ... 

It is worth noting that typically personnel and logistics represent 30% to 50% of operating costs while maintenance costs represent 20% to 40% of operating costs. These are particular areas in which cost control and reduction should be focused. This may mean reviewing the operations and maintenance philosophies discussed in Section 11.0, to check whether they are being applied, and whether they need to be updated. 

The improvement of human control over inanimate forms of energy, put to use to military ends, has improved the logistics and coordination aspects of armies and navies, and increased the overall destructive capacity of humanity. Energy-efficient propulsion systems have reduced the costs and increased the ranges of various forms of transportation, both militai y and civilian. For the militai y, energy is both a blessing and a vulnerability, requiring ever-more-specialized soldiers and more expensive equipment to remain effective in the face of competition from other modern military forces. 

Problems of logistics and inventory occupy the attention of many investigators because of the high cost of storage of inventory items on shelves or because of possible obsolescence of such items if one is concerned with spare parts. 

Details are given of processes currently under development in Europe and the US for recycling plastics waste into feedstocks. In particular, the efforts of BP Chemicals and Shell are reported who have plans to form consortia of chemical companies. Problems associated with costs and logistics are discussed, which are preventing full-scale commercialisation. 

The need for additional samples to compensate for soil heterogeneity must be reconciled with labor, storage, transportation, analytical, and other constraints that add significantly to study costs. Satisfactory results have been obtained from numerous field studies using three or four treated replications with 5-10 soil cores collected from each replication per sampling period. These replication/repetition numbers strike a reasonable balance between the need for samples sufficient in number to characterize agrochemical dissipation versus financial and logistical constraints associated with sample collection and analysis. 

Logistics of e-waste collection commonly involve three channels. Municipal collection sites usually accept any amount of waste from citizens, without cost. In-store retailer take-back schemes may be free or depend on repeat purchases. Direct producer take-back is generally for business customers and may require a replacement purchase. 

Two different and possibly complementary approaches have been explored. One utilizes a panel of quantifiable internal reference standards (QIRS), which are common proteins present widely in tissues in relatively consistent amounts.11,22 In this instance because the reference proteins are intrinsic to the tissue they are necessarily subjected to identical fixation and processing, and incur no additional handling or cost, other than synchronous performance of a second IHC assay (stain), such that the intensity of reaction for the QIRS and the test analyte can be compared by IA, allowing calculation of the amount of test analyte (protein) present on a formulaic standard curve basis. The other approach seeks to identify external reference materials and to introduce these into each step of tissue preparation for cases where IHC studies are anticipated in this instance the logistical issues of production, distribution, and inclusion of the reference standard into all phases of tissue processing also must be considered, along with attendant costs. 

Integration of multiple functionalities - use of Microsystems can bring about a significant cost reduction compared to conventional solutions logistics and quality control can frequently be simplified when integrating several components in one system e.g. multiple sensor arrays. 

Reliability Has to be guaranteed by statistical tests, available low-cost sensors have to be protected in order to meet the requirements, many years of experience and data available Logistics/strategic considerations No extra protection necessary, inbuilt media separation and device design for high stability and reliability possible... 

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