Complementary Approach

First of all, overall solutions are summarized into activeness and deformability problems. Activeness and deformability are complementary to each other when we solve problems derived from each property. In the previous section, it was described on gel robots in detail. The proposed methods are generalized in the following statements. 

Activeness to solve deformability problem It is possible to reduce the difficulty of deformability problem by constructing deformable machines with active 

Small numbers of input can generate driving field for controlling large numbers of active elements in union. The point is to allocate one input to multiple points. 

Hysteretic properties of active materials also help to solve the problems. They accumulate input continuously. Therefore, we can virtually increase the number of input if we take time. 

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Qualitative analysis methods should have well-grounded and generally adopted quantitative reliability estimations. At first the problem was formulated by N.P. Komar in 1955. Its actuality increased when test methods and identification software systems (ISS) entered the market. Metrological aspects evolution for qualitative analysis is possible only within the scope of the uncertainty theory. To estimate the result reliability while detecting a substance X it is necessary to calculate both constituents of uncertainty the probability of misidentifications and the probability of unrevealing for an actual X. There are two mutual complementary approaches to evaluate uncertainties in qualitative analysis, just as in quantitative analysis ... 

This chapter is organized into four sections, which comprise four complementary approaches to human error in industrial systems ... 

The preceding section dealt with the statistical properties of the set of cell values in individual configurations. An alternative, and in some sense complementary, approach is to examine the statistical properties of the set of all possible configurations. Such a global view sets the stage for drawing comparisons between the evolution of CA and that of general dynamical systems. 

Solid-state reactions have usually been studied either by isothermal or by non-isothermal methods, with few attempts to combine the advantages of these alternative and sometimes complementary approaches. For reasons stated in Chap. 3, the kinetic information obtained from isothermal studies appears to be more accurate and reliable, and these studies are emphasised in this review. Wherever appropriate, however, account is taken of non-isothermal studies as a valuable source of complementary information. 

This photodriven benzannulation was used in the synthesis of indolocar-bazoles (Eq. 22) [96] and calphostins (Eq. 23) [97]. The thermal insertion of isonitriles into these same classes of carbenes provided a complementary approach to similar benzannulations [98-100]. Manganese alkoxycarbene complexes underwent both inter- [101] and intramolecular [102] photodriven benzannulation reactions with alkynes (Eqs. 24 and 25). 

A different but complementary approach incorporated ethyl 2-aza-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-3-ene acetate 11 to deliver the glycine aldimine component for the Maimich reaction through a... 

A complementary approach has been reported very recently [43]. hi this case negative charges were introduced into the salen ligand Iq (Fig. 14) with the aim of exchanging it on cationic supports, such as a layered double (Zn, Al) hydroxide. The expansion in the basal spacing indicated intercalation, at least partially, of the Ig-Mn complex between the layers of [Zn2,i5Alo,86(OH)6,o2]- The complex was used in the epoxidation of (i )-limonene with molecular oxygen and pivalaldehyde. The use of N-... 

An independent but complementary approach has been the development of parallel computing systems, where many processors can be concurrently applied in cooperation on a single calculation. This idea is certainly not new. It has already been the subject of numerous research projects and a very vast... 

Smith PA, Sorich MJ, McKinnon RA, Miners JO. Pharmacophore and quantitative structure-activity relationship modeling complementary approaches for the rationalization and prediction of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A4 substrate selectivity. J Med Chem 2003 46 1617-26. 

In a complementary approach the backbones of dendrimers are jacketed as tightly as possible with dendrons of the largest possible space demand. Here the dendrons serve as space filling parts to implement sufficient strain to the dendrimers backbone in order to stretch it to the extreme. A good example for this is dendrimer 22a with its third generation dendrons [15b]. The molecular dimensions obtained from MD-simulations in vacuo show that (a) it attains an almost stretched conformation, (b) the dendritic layer around the PPP backbone... 

Though such an approach would give an estimate of the branch fraction (phr, in terms of the volume fraction occupied by branches, it lacks information about the number of branch sites in the polymer. Thus, it would be necessary to use such a technique as a complementary approach with other techniques, like NMR, to get a complete picture of branch content. 

Vancso, G.J., Hillborg, H. and SchSnherr, H. Chemical Composition of Polymer Surfaces Imaged by Atomic Force Microscopy and Complementary Approaches. Vol. 182, pp. 55-129. 

Two different and possibly complementary approaches have been explored. One utilizes a panel of quantifiable internal reference standards (QIRS), which are common proteins present widely in tissues in relatively consistent amounts.11,22 In this instance because the reference proteins are intrinsic to the tissue they are necessarily subjected to identical fixation and processing, and incur no additional handling or cost, other than synchronous performance of a second IHC assay (stain), such that the intensity of reaction for the QIRS and the test analyte can be compared by IA, allowing calculation of the amount of test analyte (protein) present on a formulaic standard curve basis. The other approach seeks to identify external reference materials and to introduce these into each step of tissue preparation for cases where IHC studies are anticipated in this instance the logistical issues of production, distribution, and inclusion of the reference standard into all phases of tissue processing also must be considered, along with attendant costs. 

Sprouting technology is designed for the contained production of proteins. Safety and product quality are the main advantages of the system. Three complementary approaches have been adopted to ensure environmental safety during production. 

Potentiometric titrations can also be used to determine stability constants for complexes in some cases, which can be useful as a substitute or complementary approach to spectrophotometric titrations (56). By starting at a low pH, where the relative amount of complex formation is low, and then measuring the pH upon addition of standardized base, one can determine the relative amounts of the species in solution or how many equivalents of H+... 

An alternative, but to some extent complementary approach to the structure of grain boundaries notes that as the tilt angle between the crystals forming the grain boundary increases, planes of lower atomic concentrations, the high index planes, such as (221), (331) and (115) in the face-centred structure, become parallel to the grain boundary. There is therefore a decrease in the number of metal-metal bonds at the boundary as the tilt angle increases. 

A complementary approach to six-membered rings can be achieved with methyl 2-iodobenzoate or 2-iodobenzoyl chloride, as shown in Scheme 16 (Grigg et al. 2002). 

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