Solute convention

In molecular weight determinations it is conventional to dissolve a measured mass of polymer m2 into a volumetric flask and dilute to the mark with an appropriate solvent. We shall use the symbol Cj to designate concentrations in mass per volume units. In practice, 100-ml volumetric flasks are often used, in which case C2 is expressed in grams per 100 ml or grams per deciliter. Even though these are not SI units, they are encountered often enough in the literature to be regarded as conventional solution units in polymer chemistry. 

Polymers undergoing dissolution show much smaller entropies of mixing than do conventional solutes of low relative molar mass. This is a consequence of... 

Synthesis of metal carbonyl clusters on oxide surfaces (followed by extraction into a solvent and workup) is occasionally a more convenient and efficient method for preparation of a metal carbonyl cluster than conventional solution chemistry. This synthetic strategy offers the green chemistry advantage of minimizing solvent use, as the reaction often occurs in the absence of solvent. 

We may contrast this behavior to that found for AOT. As shown in Figure 1, the chromatograms for AOT exhibit sharp fronts and somewhat diffuse tails, intermediate in shape between the symmetrical peaks typical of conventional solutes and the highly asymmetric chromatograms obtained for sodium dodecyl sulfate micelles in water (15). In addition, the concentration dependence of Mp" for AOT is gradual, not abrupt as for lecithin. These differences may be attributed to the lability of the AOT micelles which makes the observed retention time quite sensitive to the initial concentration (12) and leads to broadened chromatograms. 

The clay ion-exchange model assumes that the interactions of the various cations in any one clay type can be generalized and that the amount of exchange will be determined by the empirically determined cation-exchange capacity (CEC) of the clays in the injection zone. The aqueous-phase activity coefficients of the cations can be determined from a distribution-of-species code. The clay-phase activity coefficients are derived by assuming that the clay phase behaves as a regular solution and by applying conventional solution theory to the experimental equilibrium data in the literature.1 2 3... 

In particular, the increase of tacticity and the possibility of achieving the synthesis of "all cis" diene copolymers of high molecular weight allows the possibilities of broadening the range of products attainable in conventional, solution polybutadiene plants,... 

Table 3 shows conductivity of 2mol/dm3 solutions of EMImBF4 and EMImPF6 in a number of molecular solvents. A high increase of conductivity, in comparison to neat ionic liquids, can be observed after dilution with electrically neutral molecular liquids. However, solutions of ionic liquids in molecular liquids are simply conventional solutions of organic salts in nonaqueous solvents, and no distinction can be seen between them and commonly employed solutions of (C2H5)4NBF4. 

Integration of multiple functionalities - use of Microsystems can bring about a significant cost reduction compared to conventional solutions logistics and quality control can frequently be simplified when integrating several components in one system e.g. multiple sensor arrays. 

Intratrack Reactions. Earlier It was noted that chemical reactions could occur between the species before they could diffuse away from each other. In the case of Irradiated water, for example, this will result In a greater yield of the molecular species, H2 and H202, and a lower yield of the radical species, 0H, e and H. Additionally, the amount of solute present In a short track or blob Is limited and this may conceivably alter the course of reactions. In other respects, once the radlolytlc species diffuse away from their place of origin Into the bulk of the solution, they follow conventional solution behaviour. However, even In homogeneous solutions there will be differences attributable to the three track entitles because of differences In the yields of molecular products formed by reactions between primary radicals and the yields of radical species which are able to escape out of the tracks. Thus It Is possible to consider the overall yield of products as the sum of the Individual yields from the three track entitles, duly adjusted for the relative contributions from each, giving a weighted average equivalent to the observed experimental yields (10,19). 

Indeed, immobilization of catalysts to a sohd phase involves various advantages over conventional solution-phase chemistry... 

Conventionally, solutions of acrylamide or other acrylic monomers, or mixtures of them, can be photopolymerized onto flat glass surfaces which have previously been derivatized with acrylic groups to promote covalent and robust binding of the gel (e.g. by reaction with 3-(triethoxysilylpropyl)acryla-mide) [59]. Irradiation of the substrate occurs through a mask, so that poly-... 

The silver halide solvent, sulfite ion, is always present in practical developing solutions which employ organic agents. The conventional solutions contain up to 100 g. sodium sulfite per liter. The action of the sulfite is manifold. It is added primarily to decrease the rate of loss of developing agent by aerial oxidation and to prevent the accumulation of quinone or quinonelike oxidation products of the developing agents, A third phase of its activity, the solvent action, is well-known but the extent to which it can alter the nature of the development process under proper conditions is often overlooked. 

The Lewis acid-catalyzed condensation of a,/3-unsaturated ketones 277 with amides 278 furnished 2,4,6-trisubsti-tuted-6//-l,3-oxazines 279. An environmentally benign solvent-free version of this process, based on the application of montmorillonite K-10 clay and a brief microwave irradiation, provided oxazines 278 in higher yields than in the conventional solution-phase method (Equation 26) <2004BCJ2265>. 

In addition to the preparation of molecular cocrystals by conventional solution phase crystallization, many materials (e.g. organic molecular cocrystals) can be prepared only by grinding together two (or more) solid phases to generate a single... 

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