Multiple sensors

FIGURE 8.5 Multiple-sensor respirometry. Representative calibration traces of PNOS (thin line, left ordinate) and PHSS (thick line, right ordinate) operating simultaneously in PBS, pH 7.3 at 37°C, with 50pM DTPA in a closed chamber respirometer. After NO additions were made, the chamber solution was replaced with fresh buffer, to which Na2S stock solutions were then injected in a stepwise manner. The stable POS signal shown at 2 pM 02 demonstrates that the POS does not respond to NO or H2S. Injections of anoxic buffered NO and H2S stocks are shown with concentrations at arrows, as are additions of Lucina pectinata ferric hemoglobin I (metHb I), which stoichiometrically binds to H2S (after [41]). 

Integration of multiple functionalities - use of Microsystems can bring about a significant cost reduction compared to conventional solutions logistics and quality control can frequently be simplified when integrating several components in one system e.g. multiple sensor arrays. 

Classical DTA has been developed into heat-flux DSC by the application of multiple sensors (e.g., a Calvet-type arrangement) or with a controlled heat... 

B. Grocholsky, A. Makarenko, and H. Durrant-Whyte, Information-theoretic coordinated control of multiple sensor platforms, in Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, Taipei, Taiwan, September 2003, pp. 1521-1526. 

These modern computer controlled ignition systems use multiple sensors to determine optimum firing. This may include double pick-up sensors on the flywheel to determine rpms under acceleration and deceleration, intake and atmospheric pressure compensation, oxygen sensor levels to maximize combustion, temperature sensors and exhaust emission sensors. All this data is constantly fed into the on-board computer and processed using complex algorithms to determine optimum firing and fuel consumption levels. 

The plume structure data introduced in the previous sections provide the opportunity to assess whether multiple sensors that are spatially separated can rapidly acquire useful information [5], The correlation function for the instantaneous concentration acquired by two sensors at locations p and q, separated in the transverse direction, is defined as... 

Advantages of the aluminum oxide sensor are 11) small size and suitability for in.tint use (2t it can be used very economically in multiple sensor arrangements (3) suitability lor very low dew point levels without file need lor senstn cooling (j as required in condensation-type sensors—(typically, dew points down to — IOO°C can be measured without serious difficulty) (4t the unit covers a wide span. 

The acceleration is a direct measure to the dynamic factors. However, there are few reports, if not to say none, about that for meso-scale structures. In a recent attempt, Meng et al. (2009) made use of the multiple sensors of an X-ray computerized tomography (CT) to measure the cluster accelerations. Instead of the conventional use of CT for cross-sectionally scanning the solids distribution, they erected the X-ray fan-beam and the sensors to follow the vertical movement of clusters... 

The above model includes the case in which a sensor and a process/actuator fault occur during the same batch operation. However, occurrence of multiple faults of the same nature (i.e., multiple process/actuator faults or multiple sensor faults), is not considered. 

Assumption 6.3 It is assumed that multiple process/actuator faults (i.e., two or more faults belonging to Ta occur) and multiple sensor faults (i.e., two or more sensors are subject to failures) cannot occur during the same batch operation. 

In the following, it is shown that multiple process/actuator faults (multiple sensor faults) can be detected but not correctly isolated and identified. 

All biological systems which are inherently not in thermodynamic equilibrium require a variety of sensing components to maintain control and stability. Multiple sensor systems are essential for life processes and may serve as sampels for various technical systems. 

Ion-selective field-effect transistors (ISFETs) are ion sensors that combine the electric properties of gate-insulator field-effect transistors and the electrochemical properties of ion-selective electrodes (ISEs). ISFETs have attracted much attention for clinical and biomedical fields because they could contain miniaturized multiple sensors and could be routinely used for continuous in vivo monitoring of biological fluid electrolytes (e.g., Na+, K+, Ca +, Cl", etc.) during surgical procedures or at the bedside of the patients in clinical cate unit (2). 

The planar format thick-film ion sensors described herein lead to stable and robust devices. The fabrication process is amenable to volume manufacturing and integration of multiple sensors on the same substrate so that the entire electrolytes... 

A water quality analyzer may be as simple as a probe inserted into the water and connected to a conveniently located recorder or as complex as a data collection system with multiple sensors distributed in several locations and provided with wired or wireless connection to a centralized data-com-piling system. Trace concentrations of components are monitored in drinking, industrial, and ultrapure water. 

The more hazardous the process, the more it is necessary to use multiple sensors for flow, temperature, pressure, and other variables. 

An alarm should sound any time redundant inputs disagree. In most cases, the operating personnel will have to decide what to do. In some cases the computer control system will have to decide by itself what to do if redundant inputs disagree. The more hazardous the process, the more it is necessary to use multiple sensors for flow, temperature, pressure, and other variables. Since it must be assumed that all measuring devices will fail, they should fail to an alarm state. If a device fails to a nonalarm condition, there can be serious problems. It is also serious if a device fails to an alarm condition, and there is really not an alarm condition. This is generally not as serious as the first case, but it can provide a false sense of security. Usually it is assumed that two... 

Uberbacher, E. C. Mural, R. J. (1991). Locating protein-coding regions in human DNA sequences by a multiple sensor-neural network approach. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88, 11261-5. 

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