Cost studies

Bechtel Corporation, Calfomia Euel Methanol Cost Study Chevron Corporation, U.S., Vol. 1 (Executive Summary, Jan. 1989) Vol. 2, (Einal Report, Dec. 1988), San Francisco, Calif., 1988-1989. 

M. Levenson, J. V. C. Trice, and W. J. Mecham, Comparative Cost Study of the Processing of Oxide, Carbide, and MetalFast Breeder Reactor Fuels by Aqueous, Uolatility andPyrochemicalMethods, ANL-7137, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, lU., 1966. 

Design and Cost Study Zinc—Nickel Oxide Batterg for Electric Vehicle Propulsion inEinalEeport, ANE Contract No. Yardney Elect. Corp., Oct. 

M. Gans and B. J. Ozero, Hydrocarbon Process. 55(3), 73 (1976) B. DeMaghe, Hydrocarbon Process. 55(3), 78 (1976) D. E. Field and co-workers. Engineering and Cost Study ofAirPollution Controlfor the Petrochemical Industry, Vol. 6, EPA Report No. EPA-450/3-73-006-1, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., June, 1975. 

Site Selection Factors that must be considered in evaluating potential solid-waste-disposal sites are summarized in Table 25-71. Final selection of a disposal site usually is based on the results of a preliminary site survey, results of engineering design and cost studies, and an environmental-impact assessment. 

Finally, the main benefit as far as competitive business performance is concerned is the potential for reduction in failure costs. Studies using CA very early in the development process of a number of projects have indicated that the potential failure costs were all reduced through an analysis. This is shown in Figure 2.47, where this potential failure cost reduction is shown as the difference between pre-CA and post-CA application by the teams analysing the product designs. 

The motor cost is but one facet of any cost study for selecting voluigc level. The study must compare installed cost of motor, starting equipment, transformers, and power and control cables at the various levels under consideration, as well as plant standards. 

Starr, C., 1971, Benefit-Cost Studies in Sociotechnical Systems, in Perspectives on Benefit-Risk Decision Making, National Academy of Engineering p 17. 

Ashworth. Cost Studies of Buildings. Longman Group Limited, London, 199.5. 

Figure 8-28 presents the usual determination of optimum or near optimum theoretical trays at actual reflux based on performance. It is not necessarily the point of least cost for all operating costs, febrication costs or types of trays. A cost study should be made to determine the merits of moving to one side or other of the so-called optimum point From the Figure 8-28 ...

For the purpose of this design, assume that a cost study has verified the above remarks, and a 2-ft, 6-in. tower will be used. This means that entrainment will be very low on a 15-in. tray spacing. Therefore, a smaller spacing should be considered. From usual fabrication costs, 12-inch spacing is about the closest spacing to consider. 

Beecham and Knapp, 2001). This instrument gathers data on service utilization, household circumstances relevant to a costing study, employment patterns and experiences, caregiver input, and income and benefit receipts. Johnston et al (1999) oflFer an excellent review of cost assessments in healthcare evaluations more broadly. 

The most serious disadvantage of the prodrug approach to controlled sustained delivery is that extensive development must be undertaken to find the correct chemical modification for a specific drug. Additionally, once a prodrug is formed, it is a new drug entity and, therefore, requires extensive and costly studies to determine safety and efficacy. 

Tsuchiya, H. and Kobayashi, O. (2002). Fuel cell cost study by learning curve. 

As a practical matter of cost, studies on solvent isotope effects are usually limited to D/H substituted solvents, although recently a few lsO solvent effects have been measured. Interpretation of enzymatic solvent isotope effects is even more complicated than it is when the isotopic probe is incorporated in the substrate(s). This is because enzyme proteins have many exchangeable protons and, also, this is frequently true for reactants (substrates). Thus the observed isotope effect is the collective result of many different isotopic substitutions, each of which may influence... 

The newest R D cost study by DiMasi et al. includes seven biotech compounds, in a sample of 69 entities, for which dafa were obfained from major pharmaceutical and bio-pharmaceutical firms. While fhis sample of biological entities is too small to be representative of all biotech development, the clinical phase costs in the DiMasi et al. study were similar for the biotech and pharmaceutical projects. 

TABLE 1 Engineering/Cost Studies for the Use of GHEA Associates Soil Washing Technology... 

In 1996, the vendor-published engineering/cost studies for two potential treatment systems. One of the systems treated 20,000 tons of soil per year, and the other system treated 100,000 tons of soil per year. Both estimates were based on continuous, 3-shift, 7-day/week operation. These estimates are summarized in Table 1 (D13377H, p. 793). 

Therefore, without picking on an excellent piece of work -and I chose it just because it is - these types of studies, which I call "added cost studies", provide us with additional cost information due to regulation, but nothing we can really get our hands on with respect to innovation. 

Low-iemperature Ti02 film fabrication based on an understanding of tne electron transpor1 will also open up the possibility for further reduction in production costs. Study of the environmental aspects of dye-sensitized solar ceds revealed that DSC is a suitaole alternative for the electric generator because of its earth-friendliness.105) Based on a Life Cycle Assessment in ISO 14040 standard, carbon dioxiae emission of the cell is estimated to be 19-47 g C02/kWh, whicn is 1/10 that of the gas power plant (450 g C02/kWh). " oxicity of Dye 3 is negligible because of its negative Ames test.106 ... 

Figure 14 shows an assembly drawing of a 20-rotor still upon which the cost study w2ls based. The installed cost of the rotor area was estimated at about 23 per sq. foot. This value may be adjusted up or down as the capacity requirements change. The larger the number of rotors required, the lower the unit cost of the evaporator. Twenty rotor pairs should produce 65,000 gallons per day, 30 rotor pairs about 100,000. 

Since the cost study of the process using a two-stage desulfonated, de-ashed lignin showed that this lignin was too expensive, we decided to use a less costly lignin starting material. We decided to use either a concentrated, desugared sulfite-spent liquor or the dried solids from such a liquor. 

Our many experiments and cost studies showed that either the yield of monophenols had to be markedly increased or the capital and operating costs had to be greatly reduced. We did not see any obvious way to in-... 

The SDWA states that the USEPA must decide whether or not to regulate at least five different contaminants every 5 years, and that every 5 years they must publish a list of chemicals from which these contaminants are to be selected. This list is known as the Drinking Water Contaminant Candidate List and is subject to public review and comment (Pontius, 1998). To validate the analysis of the USEPA, the SDWA requires that they consult with the Science Advisory Board. Even though the USEPA must first select chemicals to review that pose the greatest threat to health, the SDWA allows the regulation of a chemical without scientific proof of danger should there be a valid health threat. However, every analysis must consider a benefit/cost study before regulation of a contaminant occurs. 

As part of our total gasification program, we have made numerous design and cost studies to evaluate our process ideas as well as process systems being pursued by others. The comments that I will make today are based on the understanding of gasification systems that we have developed from this work. 

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