Cost proposal

Table 1 Study Design Examples for Contract Research Organization Time and Cost Proposal Preparation...

An increasing number of plant engineering companies are aware of the importance of life cycle costs and therefore require, together with the pump quotation, an additional cost proposal for a complete pump system. This trend is indicated by an increased demand for Diaphragm Pumps in particular for higher flow rates. Even ten years ago the maximal required flow rate for Triplex Pumps of unit construction has been approximately 50 KW. Today there are units available with nearly ten times the power. 

The quality assurance aspects of EPA s proposed GLP requirements are estimated to add as much as h0% to the cost of studies. No evidence has been presented to show that the quality of data would be reduced by compliance with existing FDA GLP regulations in contrast to the more stringent and costly proposed EPA requirements. Additional burdensome regulations are not necessary, such as co-signing of original data entries, analysis of all lots of fortified diet, excessive retention time for archival records and samples of diet, etc. 

A set of default parameters must be estimated at the outset of operation to provide the client with cost of analytical procedures. A sample cost list for radioanalytical chemistry services is illustrated in Table 13.5. The earlier cost data are from a 1990 business plan developed by the authors and the 2004 cost data were extracted from cost proposals by a commercial laboratory. The magnitude of the cost for other analyses can be inferred from their similarity in processing to the cited methods. 

On many projects, incinerator contractor evaluation and selection under step 3 involve no more than a solicitation of prices from a random listing of vendors with the award of a contract to that firm proposing a system for the least cost. There are two basic problems with this approach. First, the selected incinerator contractors are assumed to have equivalent capabilities and qualifications. Second, least cosf acceptance assumes that the equipment offered by each of the contractors is equivalent or identical. A comparative value assessment of proposals usually results in the procurement of a superior quality system for a negligible price difference. It is not uncommon to see cost proposals low by no more than 10%, but the equipment offered of only half the quality of the competition. 

Cost proposal. Are the requirements clearly written Does the cost proposal information provide a basis of understanding in sufficient but not excessive detail ... 

This is a request for qualifications (RFQ) and does not ask for cost proposals. The commissioning contract should be negotiated with the selected firm, at which point the scope... 

PHAs require expensive bacterial fermentation and isolation processes resulting in more expensive production costs if compared to other petroleum-derived polymers. Thus, in the beginning of the 2000s, an alternative strategy for lowering the production costs proposed to... 

Finally, a summary of the impact of the industrial activity is produced, and costed proposals for any site improvement or rehabilitation are provided. 

In considering an international PFI facilities project, it is suggested that well before any potential Prime Contractor formally submits an expression of interest or holds discussions about a project - let alone produces a fully-costed proposal -an outline assessment of its indigenous political and economic landscape is needed to understand the risks that either foster or dampen the project s attractiveness and result in performance implications. 

Having defined and gathered data adequate for an initial reserves estimation, the next step is to look at the various options to develop the field. The objective of the feasibility study is to document various technical options, of which at least one should be economically viable. The study will contain the subsurface development options, the process design, equipment sizes, the proposed locations (e.g. offshore platforms), and the crude evacuation and export system. The cases considered will be accompanied by a cost estimate and planning schedule. Such a document gives a complete overview of all the requirements, opportunities, risks and constraints. 

From an overall economic viewpoint, any investment proposal may be considered as an activity which initially absorbs funds and later generates money. The funds may be raised from loan capital or from shareholders capital, and the net (after tax and costs) money generated may be used to repay interest on loans and loan capital, with the balance being due to the shareholders. The shareholders profit can either be paid out as dividends, or reinvested in the company to fund the existing venture or new ventures. The following diagram indicates the overall flow of funds for a proposed project. The detailed cash movements are contained within the box labelled the project . 

If the company is fully self-financing for its new ventures, then the appropriate discount rate would be the rate of return of the alternative investment opportunities (e.g. other projects) since this opportunity is foregone by undertaking the proposed project. This represents the opportunity cost of the capital. It is assumed that the return from the alternative projects is at least equal to the cost of capital to the company (otherwise the alternative projects should not be undertaken). 

At discount rates less than 18%, Proposal 1 is more favourable in terms of NPV, whereas at discount rates above 18%, Proposal 2 is more attractive. NPV is being used here as a ranking tool for the projects. At a typical cost of capital of, say, 10%, Proposal 1... 

In the late 1980s attempts were made in California to shift fuel use to methanol in order to capture the air quaHty benefits of the reduced photochemical reactivity of the emissions from methanol-fueled vehicles. Proposed legislation would mandate that some fraction of the sales of each vehicle manufacturer be capable of using methanol, and that fuel suppHers ensure that methanol was used in these vehicles. The legislation became a study of the California Advisory Board on Air QuaHty and Fuels. The report of the study recommended a broader approach to fuel quaHty and fuel choice that would define environmental objectives and allow the marketplace to determine which vehicle and fuel technologies were adequate to meet environmental objectives at lowest cost and maximum value to consumers. The report directed the California ARB to develop a regulatory approach that would preserve environmental objectives by using emissions standards that reflected the best potential of the cleanest fuels. 

The price differential at which coal becomes competitive with gas depends on plant size and the cost of capital, but based on estimates by the International Energy Agency (21) the required price ratio for gas to coal in North America falls into the range of 3.1 to 3.7 on an equivalent energy basis ( /MJ). Current prices give a gas/coal cost ratio nearer 1.5 to 2.0. As a result, all projected new methanol capacity is based on natural gas or heavy oil except for the proposed coal-based plant in China. 

The first is a network that has minimum area but a maximum number of exchangers as proposed by the algorithmic—evolutionary approach (10). The algorithmic part of this method is the development of a minimum area network. The evolutionary part employs a set of rules to modify systematically the initial network. The three rules presented ate heuristic in nature and seek to combine exchangers and stream spHts to reduce network cost. The problem of reducing stream spHts appears difficult to researchers. 

Many reaction schemes have been proposed (161,162). All reaction schemes ate designed such that reaction steps having positive A. " values are operated at high (625—725°C) temperatures, whereas reaction steps having negative AA values are operated at low (about 225°C) temperatures. The purpose is to lower the free energy change, ie, the work requirement, and increase the thermal requirement, for improved efficiency. Other considerations, such as reaction kinetics, corrosion, cost of materials, and side reactions must also be taken into account. 

Use of traveling wave tube (TWT) amplifiers at power levels of hundreds of watts has been proposed (54) for power appHcations, at least when the heating chamber is well shielded. The potential advantage is an improved uniformity of heating when a broad band of frequency is used, ie, excitation of many modes. Disadvantages are high cost and lower (<50%) efficiency of the TWT. 

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