Structure costs

The forced-draft design offers better accessibility to the fan for onstream maintenance and fan-blade adjustment. The design also provides a fan and V-belt assembly, which are not exposed to the hot-air stream that exits from the unit. Structural costs are less, and mechanical life is longer. 

The structural costs of impressed current protection of harbor and coastal structures are about 1.5 to 2.5% of the total cost of the object to be protected. As an example, for the installation of a cathodic protection station in a tanker discharge jetty, the construction costs amounted to 2.2% of the total costs. The annual cost of current, maintenance, testing, and repairs amounted to 5% of the construction costs of the cathodic protection [22]. 

NOTE The following factors are Battery Limit (process) buildings only and are expressed in per cent of the Building-Architectural Structural cost. They are not related to the Basic Equipment cost. 

The founding of ChemKit is accompanied by information events about Chemical Leasing. Awareness of this business model is actively raised and accompanied by presentations in special-interest publications and representations at trade fairs. Workshops, conferences and presentations for the relevant sectors will round out the market entry in this regard. The main aim is to clearly structure cost and image benefits (sparing of resources, environmental benefits, sustainability and responsibility) for all parties and to portray ChemKit as a specialised consultancy that provides successful implementation. ChemKit and Chemical Leasing should become synonyms in people s minds. 

Overhead condensers sometimes need to be located in the structure. Usually, partial condensers need to be elevated above the reflux accumulator. Considerable structure cost reduction can be achieved if the process can use grade-mounted condensers. Mounting the exchangers at grade may require them to be designed with subcooling so that the reflux accumulator can be located above the condenser. This should be considered as part of the process design. 

The objective of using a mathematical optimization model is to identify network design alternatives that best exploit structural cost differences between various locations and resolve trade-offs between different cost elements such as production cost advantages and additional transporta-tion/tariff costs. Therefore, relationships expressing the costs that will be incurred as a function of cost drivers (decision variables of the model) have to be established. A proper creation of these cost functions is a critical success factor of the overall analysis (cf. Shapiro 2001, p. 234 Vidal and Goetschalckx 1996, p. 13). 

In order to evaluate results obtained from different calculation runs, a number of standardized reports were integrated into the decision support tool. The reports can be clustered into the three categories production network structure, cost structure and investment/restructuring activities (cf. Fig. 49). Since reports become very complex if they contain data from several scenarios, comparative analyses of different scenarios are performed via data downloads into MS Excel pivot spreadsheets. 

These structural cost disadvantages place Western players under increasing pressure. Beyond feedstock disadvantages, they also suffer from poor productivity improvements, having exhausted most of their cost-cutting options in the 1990s, expensive workforces, and subscale assets. This means they will have a hard time coping as the price-cost squeeze accelerates. 

As a starting point for structural cost optimization, Clariant first of all has an optimized production network design that leverages scale effects and regional advantages. Second, a review of truly value-creating functions, processes, and process steps is performed on a regular basis. 

Structural cost optimizations are achieved via the design of production networks and value chains... 

Chemicals Have Become More Global than Ever 244 Competition from Low-cost Labor Countries Is Changing the Industry Landscape 244 Challenges and Responses 246 Structural Cost Optimization 247 Designing a Global Production Network 247 Focusing on Distinctive Value Creation 248 Operational Cost Optimization 249... 

The estimation of optical whiteners in substrate is really a difficult problem, but the qualitative and quantitative estimation of fluorescent brightener in solution by examination of absorption and/or emission spectra have been detailed [42-46], Since the brightener will differ in substantivity for a particular substrate with differences in their chemical structure, cost comparisons of performance can only be based upon evaluation of the treated substrates. Various techniques for such evaluation have been described [46-51]. 

Construction costs for artificial floating islands will quite different when compared to onshore or natural island locations. The floating island structure costs will be balanced against the high cost of land and environmental protection for shore and island locations. On balance, for most locations the use of the floating islands may be no more costly than other options. 

Cryostat, Dielectric and Structural Costs To first order the cryostat, dielectric and structural costs can be scaled as the line capacity, i.e. per MVA-mile in the limit of large installations. The estimate of a factor of 2 reduction in cryostat costs made for the magnet case should also hold here. The cryostat cost probably scales somewhere intermediate between the cryostat area and its volume because a larger diameter cryostat will require heavier walls and support members. 

The structural cost differential between indoor and outdoor plants normally approximates the difference in over-all plant cost. Where the amount of equipment surface requiring insulation increases greatly when the plant is installed outdoors, detailed knowledge of the process is required to obtain realistic cost figures. 

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