Continuous mechanics

In a 250 ml. conical flask mix a solution of 14 g. of sodium hydroxide in 40 ml. of water and 21 g. (20 ml.) of pure benzaldehyde (Section IV,115). Add 15 g. of hydroxylamine hydrochloride in small portions, and shake the mixture continually (mechanical stirring may be employed with advantage). Some heat is developed and the benzaldehyde eventually disappears. Upon coohiig, a crystalline mass of the sodium derivative separates out. Add sufficient water to form a clear solution, and pass carbon dioxide into the solution until saturated. A colourless emulsion of the a or syn-aldoxime separates. Extract the oxime with ether, dry the extract over anhydrous magnesium or sodium sulphate, and remove the ether on a water bath. Distil the residue under diminished pressure (Fig. 11,20, 1). Collect the pure syn-benzaldoxime (a-benzald-oxime) at 122-124°/12 mm. this gradually solidifies on cooling in ice and melts at 35°. The yield is 12 g. 

Continuous Mechanical Handling Equipment, ISO 5048 International Standard, 1979. 

To 40 g. of dry chitin in a 500-ml. beaker is added 200 ml. of concentrated hydrochloric acid (c.p., sp. gr. 1.18), and the mixture is heated on a boiling water bath for 2.5 hours with continuous mechanical agitation. At the end of this time solution is complete, and 200 ml. of water and 4 g. of Norite are added. The beaker is transferred to a hot plate, and the solution is maintained at a temperature of about 60° and is stirred continuously during the process of decolorization. After an hour the solution is filtered through a layer of a filter aid such as Filter-Cel. The filtrate is usually a pale straw color however, if an excessive color persists, the decolorization may be repeated until the solution becomes almost colorless. The filtrate is concentrated under diminished pressure at 50° until the volume of the solution is 10-15 ml. The white crystals of glucosamine hydrochloride are... 

A solution of sodium methoxide, prepared from sodium (23 g) and dry methanol (500 mL), was added drop-wise at 0 °C to a stirred suspension of aminoacetonitrile hydrochloride (18, 100 g, 1.08 mol) in dry methanol (100 rnL). After stirring for 2 h at rt the precipitated sodium chloride was filtered off and the filtrate concentrated in vacuo. EtOAc (20 mL) was added and evaporated under reduced pressure to remove all traces of methanol. The oily residue was dissolved in dry EtOAc (100 mL) and anhydrous sodium sulfate added. After cooling, the precipitate was filtered off. The solution of crude aminoacetonitrile was used without further purification. This solution was added drop-wise during a period of 1 h to a vigorously stirred, ice-cooled solution of carbon disulphide (100 mL, 1.66 mol) in dry EtOAc (100 mL) under an N2 atmosphere. Continued mechanical stirring and water-free conditions were essential. The mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 1 h. The resultant precipitate was filtered off, washed with EtaO and dried, giving the product 50 as yellow crystals (99 g, 75 % on amount of sodium), m.p. 131 °C dec. IR (KBr) v max 1630, 1500 cm. ... 

Further stresses may be caused by the continued mechanical operation of the boiler under adverse conditions, leading to intergranular... 

From a continuous mechanical point of view, an ordered flow is characterized by the existence of a director rtj. The director is a unit vector, subject to... 

A continuous, mechanically stirred tank reactor with a sparger located below the agitator or... 

About 75% of U.S. kraft mills use aerated stabilization basins.36 These basins are equipped with continuous mechanical aerators or diffusers to introduce air into the wastewater. By aerating the... 

Karbstein, H. and Schubert, H., 1995, Developments in the continuous mechanical production of oil-in-water macro-emulsions, Chemical engineering and processing, 34, 3, 205 - 211. 

Mithofer A, Wanner G, Boland W (2005) Effects of feeding Spodoptera Uttoralis on lima bean leaves. II. Continuous mechanical wounding resembling insect feeding is sufficient to elicit herbivory-related volatile emission. Plant Physiol 137 1160-1168... 

The present investigation applies deterministic methods of continuous mechanics of multiphase flows to determine the mean values of parameters of the gaseous phase. It also applies stochastic methods to describe the evolution of polydispersed particles and fluctuations of parameters [4]. Thus the influence of chaotic pulsations on the rate of energy release and mean values of flow parameters can be estimated. The transport of kinetic energy of turbulent pulsations obeys the deterministic laws. 

Fig. 8.3 Schematic representation of the List twin shaft co-rotating continuous mechanical and thermal processor. [Courtesy of the List Corporation.]...

Bone resorption in response to continuous mechanical deformation appears to be regulated by cells of osteoblast lineage such as preosteoblasts, osteoblasts, bone lining cells and osteocytes, and stretch-enhanced, osteoclastlike cell formation involves prostaglandins, but not PGE2 (Soma et al., 1996). Stretch-induced increases in osteopontin and osteonectin were inhibited by addition of the calcium channel antagonist nifedipine suggesting an important role for L-type calcium channels in early mechanical strain transduction pathways in osteoblasts. 

Hypothermia in stroke and head-injured patients is started as soon as possible after injury, and continues for the duration selected by the investigator. Each patient undergoing treatment with mild hypothermia should be paralyzed and sedated to prevent discomfort and reduce shivering. Unfortunately, this can compromise accurate evaluation of the neurological status in patients with acute head injury or stroke. Therefore, continuous monitoring of ICP is important in these intensive care unit patients. Because these patients are paralyzed and sedated, continuous mechanical ventilation is also necessary. Neuromuscular blocking... 

The existence of organs and apparatuses in an animal implies the existence of a body plan, and therefore even the most primitive animals (with the possible exception of sponges) had body plans. It is unlikely, however, that the very first animals could already use their body plans as deposits of information, i.e. as supracellular memories. We have seen that the embryonic development of many characters can be realised with two different strategies, a continuous mechanism (simpler) and a discontinuous one (more complex), and the simpler mechanism is also the one that comes first in the history of life. 

Note 2. In this lab-scale preparation, continuous mechanical stirring does not improve the yield or purity of the chloromethylsalicylaldehyde, and lessens the... 

Although elicitors from insect oral secretions have received special attention, the quality and quantity of HIPVs may also be affected by insect feeding behavior such as continuous or interrupted leaf chewing, phloem sucking, and even egg deposition.193,194 Recently, it was shown that continuous mechanical wounding was sufficient to induce local as well as systemic emission of volatiles that are emitted as HIPVs.195 Thus, the role of insect elicitors in HIPV production still remains largely an open question. 

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