Copra, from coconuts

The shell that encloses the kernel is a hard spherical covering 3-5 mm thick. It is used mainly for fuel in copra making. Other products derived from coconut shell are charcoal, activated carbon, filler for synthetic resin, glues, components in mosquito-repellent coils, and decorative items. 

Copra Cake. Copra cake is a by-product of oil extraction from coconut. The dehusked coconut is split and the meat is scraped from the kernel cup and dried. The oil is extracted via expeller or solvent processes from the dried coconut meat copra. This product is available throughout the year, making it a cheap local source of animal feed. The cake is ground to meal for use in feed for poultry, cattle, sheep, and swine. Copra cake can be used as a substitute for hsh meal in swine feed but may cause conshpahon. Germany has been an importer of the majority of the cake produced in the Philippines (61). 

As indicated in Chapter 1, porous carbon made from coconut shell, indicated to the world the potential of activated carbon for purification and separation. World War I was a turning point. Figure 7.2(a) is a photograph of a humble coconut with its fibrous outer covering. Figure 7.2(b) shows the interior of the coconut, the white interior being the copra to... 

In addition to the separation of coconut oil from a coconut milk emulsion, enzyme treatment can also be used to extract coconut oil from finely divided copra meal. Coconut oil extraction based on the enzymatic action of polygalacturonases, a-amylase and proteases on a diluted coconut paste has been tested (McGlone et al., 1986). After the reaction with enzymes, the mixture gave three phases upon centrifugation. The upper phase contained high quality coconut oil and the middle layer and the lower layer contained water and coconut meal respectively. This process gave a yield of 80%, which is a much higher yield compared to other traditional wet extraction methods. Enzyme assisted extractions have also been used to extract coconut oil from powdered copra. The crude commercial enzyme used in this study contained a-amylase, neutral protease, acid protease, cellulase/hemicellulase, and pectinase. The enzyme treatment in this process can be considered as a pretreatment of copra prior to the oil extraction. The enzyme was added 1% rate of the copra and allowed to stand for 30 min. After enzyme treatment, the meal was extracted by hot water and the emulsion was boiled to evaporate water. This enzyme pretreatment of copra prior to the extraction improved the yield of coconut oil by 50% compared to the same extraction procedure without enzyme... 

Lanka. The fruits are broken by hand or machine, and the fiber extracted from the broken husks from which the coconut has been removed for copra. The husks are retted ia rivers, and the fiber separated by hand beating with sticks or by a decortication machine. The fibers are washed, dried, and hackled, and used ia upholstery, cordage, fabrics, mats, and bmshes. 

Coconut oil [8001-31-8] is one of the primary vegetable oils used in the manufacture of soap products. Coconut oil is obtained from the dried fmit (copra) of the coconut palm tree. The fmit is dried either in the sun or over open fires from burning the husks of the fmit, with the oil pressed out of the dried fmit. 

Implementation A sample of copra is prepared as a reference standard fresh coconut. The spectrum of the standard is a good match for the spectrum of the unknown material from the centrifuge. 

Coconut Oil (Unhydrogenated) occurs as a viscous, white to light yellow-tan liquid. It is obtained from the kernel of the fruit of the coconut palm Cocos nucifera (Fam. Palmae). The crude oil obtained by mechanically pressing dried coconut meat (copra) is refined, bleached, and deodorized to substantially remove free fatty acids, phospholipids, color, odor and flavor components, and other non-oil materials. Compared with many natural fats, Coconut Oil (Unhydrogenated) has an abrupt melting range, changing from a rather firm, plastic solid at about 21° or below to a liquid at about 21°. 

The direct fire dryer consists of a bamboo grill platform where the split nuts are placed. Underneath is a fire hearth where coconut shells and husks are burned to provide heat for the vaporization of water from the kernels. The kernels shrink and are separated from the shells for further drying. Smoke from the burning fuel imparts a light brown color on the copra and its oil. 

On an industrial scale, the dry process is the traditional method of extracting oil from the coconut (16). This is done by cmshing copra in an expeller, the trade name of the machine patented by V. D. Anderson. The meal (or cake) may be further treated with solvents to extract residual oil. 

From the milling of copra for the extraction of crude coconut oil through the refining steps and final storage in tanks, the oil is in continuous contact with iron and possibly copper-containing alloys, both of which are prooxidants. The addition of citric acid (25) or any other appropriate antioxidant in the last stages of deodor-ization of RED oils (see discussion) affords protection to the oil from oxidative rancidity. Crude coconut oil has natural and protective antioxidants. 

Coir. Coir is a valuable and versatile fiber derived from the coconut husk. The best quality coir is produced from green coconut, which is more difficult to harvest and has a lower copra yield than more mature coconut. The amount of copra and the quantity of coir produced are inversely related (61). Husks must be retted to manufacture coir. This process involves holding the husks under water, away from air, with mud and leaves for a period of a few months to a year. Fermentation is accomplished by short rod bacteria such as Pseudomonas, Rerobacter, and Bacillus. The microbial process is a polyphenolic degradation in which the pectic substances are decomposed. Slow moving and slightly saline water in a natural source speeds the process and produces a better quality fiber (66). 

Some oilseeds are dried in the field with hot gases from oil burners. Copra is often dried in ovens or kilns fired by coconut shells. In each case, contamination with diesel fuel fumes or polyaromatic hydrocarbons is inevitable. The only question is to what extent. Some hydrocarbons occur naturally in plants and appear in plant products. Mineral oil contamination of vegetable oil was also associated with toxic oil syndrome (20). 

Kobis de Saint-Chamas et al. (1991) have described the monitoring programme which included monitoring of Cs contents in coconuts from the whole French Polynesian territory. The methodology is described and the results of the 2589 samples collected for 1967 to 1988 are presented. The maximum content found since 1967 is 52 Bq kg for coconut water and 289 Bq kg for coconut copra. The decrease of Cs content is constant without discontinuity, whatever the distance from the explosion sites. The committed dose equivalent from Cs delivered by coconut water and copra consumption represents only a few microsieverts a year. 

Coconut oil is derived from copra, which is the dried kernel or meat of coconuts. The coconut palm is the species Cocos nucifera, which grows well in the humid regions a few degrees latitude either side of the equator. The usual tall variety reaches a height of over 20 m. Typically, fresh coconut kernel contains (% wt) moisture (50), oil (34), ash (2.2), fibre, (3.0), protein (3.5), and carbohydrate (7.3) (Hui 1996). 

Coconut Oil. Copra oil. Expressed oil from kernels of Cocos nucifera L., Palmae. Constit. Trimyristin, tri-Laurin, tripalmitin, tristearin also various other glycerides. 

Coconut oil, also known as coconut butter, is a tropical oil with many applications. It is extracted from copra, which means dried coconut and is a product of the coconut palm (Cocos nucifera). Coconut oil (about 3.1 million tonnes per annum) comes mainly from Indonesia and the Philippines. Coconut oil constitutes seven percent of the total export income of the Philippines, the world s largest exporter of the product. Coconut oil was developed as a commercial product by merchants in the South Seas and South Asia in the 1860s. ... 

By-product from the manufacture of coconut oil (Cocos nucifera L.), obtained by mechanical extraction of dried coconut kernels (copra) (n = 124). 

Aspergillus niger is among the most common fungi isolated from nuts, especially peanuts, and has also been reported from pecans, pistachios, hazelnuts, walnuts, coconut and copra. Cereals and oilseeds are also sources, especially maize and also barley, soybeans, canola, sorghum, stored and parboiled rice and dried beans (Pitt Hocking, 1997). 

Coconut oil is an edible, non-drying oil obtained from copra, the white meat of the fruit of the coconut palm. Coconut is grown in Indonesia, the Philippines, India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Thailand, Africa, America and the Paciflc region. 

The expeller method of oil recovery replaced the hot-press method, beginning about 1940, and is now adapted to the removal of oil from any seed or nut. Huge expeUers remove coconut oil from copra, and very small expeUers extract oil from smaU nuts and seed. The expeller is adjustable, compact, clean, efficient and continuous. 

Coconut oil is obtained from the stone fruit of the coconut palm, which grows throughout the tropics. The moisture content of the oil-containing endosperm, when dried, decreases from 50% to about 5-7%. Such crushed and dried coconut endosperm is called copra and is sold under this... 

Most of the world production of coconut oil is obtained from copra by the use of the continuous mechanical screw presses. Sometimes solvent extraction is employed following the preliminary compressing in screw presses. In some areas, hydraulic cage and hot presses are still used. 

Copra. This is the dried meat of the coconut from which the oil is to be extracted, yielding coconut oil and coconut meal or copra meal. The oil is generally extracted by either (a) continuous mechanical screw presses, or (b) hydraulic... 

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