Mosquito repellents

Standard Mosquito Repellents. Since its initial report as a promising repellent in 1954, DEET has been considered the best all-around repellent having generally acceptable characteristics, despite a continuing search for a superior chemical. Improvements include many commercial products with added cosmetic agents that use slow release technology, such as the U.S. Armed Services slow release 35% DEET formulation (16). There were 35 EPA-registered repellent products in 1994 that contained only DEET under different trade names (2). DEET is present in 192 of the 212 products mentioned previously (2). 

More recendy the cis and trans isomers of the mosquito repellent CIC-4, a mixture of citroneUa isomers, have been separated by preparative hplc and bioassayed for effectiveness (23). Chiral-phase capillary gas chromatography and mosquito repellent activity of some oxazoUdine derivatives of (+)-and ( —)-citroneUal have been studied to find stmcture—activity relationships (24). Several 2-aLkyl- -acetyloxahdines have been synthesized and tested against mosquitoes, with further efforts using nmr to determine the rotational isomers of the more active N-acetyl-2,2-dimethyloxazohdine (25). 

Srivastava A, Srivastava MK, Raizada RB (2006) Ninety-day toxicity and one-generation reproduction study in rats exposed to allethrin-based liquid mosquito repellent. J Toxicol Sci 31 1-7... 

Basak, S. C., Natarajan, R., Mills, D. Structure-activity relationships for mosquito repellent aminoamides using the hierarchical QSAR method based on calculated molecular descriptors, 2005, pp. 958-963. 

Natarajan, R., Basak, S. C., Balaban, A. T., Klun, J. A., Schmidt, W. F. Chirality index, molecular overlay and biological activity of diastereoisomeric mosquito repellents. Pest. Manag. Sci. 2005, 61, 1193-1201. 

It turns out female Anopheles mosquitoes, the most important vectors for Plasmodium falciparum malaria, possess odorant receptors for these molecules. This permits the mosquito to home in on humans, at least those that sweat. Malaria is responsible for more than a million deaths per year. This finding suggests novel ways of creating mosquito repellants and/or traps. ... 

Piperonal Used in perfumery used in cherry and vanilla flavours used in organic s3mthesis and as a component for mosquito repellent. 

Capuchin monkey cebus sp. Benzoquinones Millipede Mosquito repellent Valderrama etal, 2000 Weldon etal, 2003... 

Ambiguous As a mosquito repellant, eucamalol has been reported to... 

In insect control, PEA has been considered as a mosquito repellant (68), and its acetate has been used as an ingredient in Japanese beetle bait (69). The alcohol also has bacteriostatic action and antifungicidal properties (70—73), and it has been claimed as a surface-active agent (74). 

An amide is a carbonyl-containing organic molecule in which the carbonyl carbon is bonded to a nitrogen atom. The active ingredient of most mosquito repellents is an amide whose chemical name is 7V,7V-diethyh i-toluamide but is commercially known as DEET, shown in Figure 12.22. This compound is actually not an insecticide. Rather, it causes certain insects, especially mosquitoes, to lose their sense of direction, which effectively protects DEET wearers from being bitten. 

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