Construction products

Data Collection and Analysis Pertinent to the PA s Development of Guidelines for Procurement of Highway Construction Products Containing Recovered Materials, EPA Contract 68-01-6014, Draft, Vol. 1, Issues and Technical Summary, Franklin Associates, Ltd., and Valley Forge Laboratory, Inc., July 6, 1981. 

This article discusses traditional hull ding and construction products, ie, not made from synthetic polymers (see Building materials, plastic), including wood, asphalt, gypsum, glass products, Pordand cement, and bricks. The article presents information about each basic material, the products made from it, the basic processes by which the products or materials are produced, estimates of the quantity or doUar value of the quantities produced or used in the United States, and some pertinent chemical or physical properties related to the material. More detailed chemical and physical property data can be found in articles devoted to the individual materials (see Asphalt Cement Glass Wood). 

Methods are used to produce the more costly rapid prototypes include those that produce models within a few hours. They include photopolymerization, laser tooling, and their modifications. The laser sintering process uses powdered TP rather than chemically reactive liquid photopolymer used in stereolithography. Models are usually made from certain types of plastics. Also used in the different processes are metals (steel, hard alloys, copper-based alloys, and powdered metals). With powder metal molds, they can be used as inserts in a mold ready to produce prototype products. These systems enable having precise control over the process and constructing products with complex geometries. 

The Commission of the European Communities has asked /5/ CEN TC 127 to produce the necessary standards concerning fire safety in support of the "Construction Products Directive" CEN/TC127 met first in London on 18-20 May 1988 and took some resolutions which may favour a rapid development of the interim solution mentioned in chapter 3. 

The cell bank s construction design is normally two tiered, consisting of a master cell bank and a working cell bank (Figure 5.6). The master cell bank is constructed first, directly from a culture of the newly constructed production cell line. It can consist of several hundred individually stored ampoules. 

Certificates issued by the British Board of Agrement (BBA) cover new or innovative construction products not covered by existing British Standards and Codes of Practice. These certificates, which are the result of assessment by BBA based on manufacturers information and on independent testing, also provide information on projected lifetimes. In future, under the European Construction Products Directive, product performance details including durability will be given on the label of each CE marked product. An example of how this is applied will be described in the next section. 

Council Directive 89/106/EEC of 21 December 1988 on the approximation of laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to construction products (OJNo L 40/12 of 1989-02-11)... 

Comparing [L]-control maps for up to now fifteen different ligands of the nickel-catalyzed cyclooligomerization of butadiene we found eight independent productdetermining l and-association processes (I — VIII). To find out the respective changes in the [L]-control maps, it is extremely helpful to construct product stream diagrams as described in Scheme 3.2-3. 

Despite the 40-year history of use in Russia and the fact that past tests indicate that they are beneficial for use under cold-weather conditions, little consideration has been given to these materials in Western Europe and North America. More basic research is now underway in research organizations in Canada, Europe and the USA. One notable project is that being conducted as part of the Corps of Engineers Construction Productivity Advancement Research Program, a cost-sharing partnership between the Corps and industry [27]. 

The second way in which equipment can lead to excipient contamination is from equipment construction. Production equipment should not be reactive under the conditions used for producing the excipient. Also the materials used for the operation of the equipment such as lubricants, grease, coolants, etc. should not be... 

Uses of glass in construction products fit into three categories flat glass (window glass) fibrous glass and specialty glass products. Each is made by different processes and has different applications. 

Sodium orthophenyl phenate remains an important ingredient in the treatment of cooling waters. Both orthophenyl and its sodium salt have a wide spectmm of preservative use, including caulks, construction products, and leather processing. Similady, zra-chloro-z /tf-xylenol is used to preserve a number of water-based goods, including inks (qv), emulsions, and shoe polish, in addition to providing mold resistance to leather. 

CEN TC351 Working Draft (Annex B) Construction products-Assessment of emissions of regulated dangerous substances from construction products- Determination of emissions into indoor air ... 

The European Standards Agency (CEN), under TC351, is also working on harmonized horizontal test protocols which could be used to fulfil ER3 of the construction products directive under EC mandate M/366. 

The 1989 EC Construction Products Directive (CPD)-Essential Requirement (ER) 3 of the CPD states that The construction work must be designed and built in such a way that it will not be a threat to the hygiene or health of the occupants or neighbors, in particular as a result of any of the following o the giving off of toxic gas ... 

Continuing with the above example of ER3 of the European Construction Products Directive horizontal emissions test methods (i.e., applicable to multiple product types) have been developed by CEN and ISO for compliance with the CPD and are now available as parts 6, 9,10 and 11 of EN/ISO standard 16000 (see Table 6.1). Furthermore, a program of work led by CEN TC351 has now been instigated under European Council Mandate M/366 to amalgamate and validate these standards. Once this work is completed (estimated 2010) it is understood that chemical emissions testing will become a mandatory part of CE marking for construction products. 

CEN (2008) TC351 WG2. WI 351009 Working Draft Umbrella Standard for Testing Emissions from Construction Products To Indoor Air Under M/366 and the CPD. 

EC Mandate (2005) M/366EN Development of Horizontal Standardised Assessment Methods for Harmonised Approaches Relating to Dangers Substances under the Construction Products Directive, European Commission Enterprise and Industry DG. 

Fox, M. (2007) The Danish Indoor Climate Label (DICL)-An Introduction to the Danish/Norwegian concept. Proceedings Construction Products and Indoor Air Quality, Conference, Berlin, Germany. 

Kasche, J., Dahms, A., Muller, B., Muller, D., Horn, W. and Jann, O. (2005b) Emission and odour measurement of construction products. Proceedings of the Emissions and odours from materials CERTECH Conference, Brussels. 

---