Test independence

An engineer s ability to distinguish a natural from a synthetic diamond is tested independently on 10 different occasions. Wliat is the probability of 7 correct identifications if tlie engineer is only guessing (i.e., has a probability of making a correct identification of 0.5) ... 

However, FLIM measurements by both frequency and time domain using commercially available software suffers from variation in the measured lifetime from region to region in cells [36], which can be confusing. In the light of the potential pitfalls associated with each of the above-mentioned FRET techniques, potential protein associations should ideally be tested independently by a combination of two or more FRET-based methods in addition to biochemical techniques such as co-immunoprecipitations. 

Interestingly, one study has shown that cocaine may be a direct antagonist at nicotinic receptors (Damaj et al. 1999). Cocaine blocks several of nicotine s effects, including analgesia on the tail-flick test, independent of its monoamine activity or local anesthetic effects. 

Asked in proficiency test independent double measuremerrt... 

With this preparation method, a high ligand/Rh ratio (10 or 20) was shown to be essential for catalyst activity and for high nji ratios in the product aldehyde. In the presence of ionic liquid, the nji ratio was as much as 23.7, compared to a value of 16.9 observed in the absence of ionic liquids. Surprisingly, an L/Rh ratio of 2.5 resulted in an inactive catalyst. The catalytic activity and selectivity decreased steadily during the 5-h test, independent of the type of ionic liquid and the L/Rh ratio. 

II.The Hypothesis of Randomness [11], and Testing Independence Against Trend [12]... 

T. Steememan and A. Ronner, Testing independence in multivariate linear regression when the number of variables increases. Internal Report, Economics Institute, University of Groningen, 1984. 

Thomann et al. (1992) and Morrison et al. (1997) have developed kinetic models employing rate constants to assess the extent of chemical bioaccumulation in zooplankton, as Tables 9.1 and 9.2 summarize. Thomann et al. (1992) list relationships which incorporate organism physiology, bioenergetics, and chemical characteristics to estimate uptake and elimination rate constants which are used to estimate bioaccumulation. Morrison et al. (1997) rely on physiological information to estimate bioaccumulation. Both models provide a potentially more realistic description of bioaccumulation by zooplankton, although, to date, neither model has been tested independently against field data. 

To determine the instrumental response as a function only of the background matrix of the solution, the effect of perchloric acid on Cr, Mo, and Pd was tested independently of the digestion procedure. The variables were (1) presence of filter matrix in solution (2) presence of perchloric acid (3) presence of lanthanum flame buffer in solution and (4) concentration. The data are presented in Table XI. Slightly high recoveries (4 to 9 percent) were obtained for Cr when the filter matrix was present in solution. Recoveries of approximately 120 percent were obtained from the 1.0 ug/ml samples containing perchloric acid. This was found to be caused by Cr contamination in the perchloric acid. The corrected analytical results showed that the presence of either perchloric acid or lanthanum in solution has essentially no effect on the instrumental response for Cr in a lean air-acetylene flame. 

These relationships have been tested independently of our work and found to be quite accurate in determining bond... 

As with the IQ, all protocols must be preapproved and postapproved, and tests independently witnessed or reviewed. When writing OQ tests, it is important that the acceptance criteria is clear... 

One should note that test independence is important for accurate probability estimation, but not necessarily for classification. In classification, one has to determine only which disease is the more likely, not its exact probability. Studies have shown that using Bayes estimation gives quite good diagnostic accuracy even when the tests are not independent. Tests with correlations of up to 0.7 can stiU be used together to give an idea of the most likely disease. 

Panels of tests are commonly used to increase sensitivity and specificity or when used sequentially to decrease costs. For the practicing laboratorian, the value of panels is limited by the sparse literature on the performance of combinations of tests. The same issue of test independence addressed in the previous section maltes it difficult to calculate the performance of panels of tests. In addition, the use of multiple tests can increase the probability of the occurrence of falsepositive or false-negative results, depending on how the tests are combined. 

Although the individual pyrethroids in the study were tested independently, the data in Tables 11-8 and 11-9 demonstrate basic principles of synergistic action. Table 11.8 shows the pyrethroids in order of their maximum additive factor of synergism by ratio. The conventional factors of synergism at these nitios are larger. It will be noted that the levels of PBO at these maximum factors of synergism are basically in reverse order and range from approximately I to 13 pg per insect,... 

If a number of experienced observers agreed to test, independently, the accuracy of the mark etched round the neck of a litre flask with the greatest precision possible, the inevitable result would be that every measurement would be different. Thus, we might expect... 

Scaled Up Tests. Independent tests performed at the Fractionation Research Incorporation (Los Angeles, Calif.), showed that the Angle Tray has a 102% maximum efficiency at a 1.32 superficial F-factor (Fs). Efficiency remained above 80% at Fs ranging from 0.8-1.6. Compared to conventional sieve trays, the Angle Tray boasts better high-load efficiency, while sieve trays excel in low-load treatment. 

The layout of the payload has been conceived in terms of a separate science payload module containing the instruments. This will be integrated and tested independently and later incorporated onto the spacecraft as a single unit. The interface to the satellite bus has been designed to be as... 

A random forest is an ensemble of decision trees. Each tree in the forest is built and tested independently from other trees hence the overall training and testing procedures can be performed in paral-... 

The asymmetric electrophilic a-fluorination of aldehydes with 2,5-disub-stituted pyrrolidines was tested independently by Jorgensen and Barbas III, but in these reactions MacMillan s imidazolidinones (Chapter 18) or diatylprolinol silyl ethers (Chapter 8) afforded much better yields and higher enantioselectivities. 

Vendor shall give composition of the glass lining and guarantee for corrosion resistance to the reaction mass at operating conditions. A test coupon of the glass-lined piece may be obtained from the vendor and tested independently in purchaser s own laboratory. 

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