Good engineering practices

Regulatoiy. The safety system must be consistent with all applicable codes and standards as well as generally accepted good engineering practices. ... 

Inspections and tests are performed on the process equipment following recognized and accepted engineering practices. The inspection and test frequency is consistent with manufacturers recommendations, good engineering practices, and prior operating experience. 

Many accidents have occurred because maintenance work was not cai -ried out in accordance with the (often unwritten) rules of good engineering practice, as the following incidents and Section 10.4.5 show. 

Check construction closely to see that the design has been followed and that details not specified have been constructed according to good engineering practice. 

Only a few incidents started with the sudden failure of a major component. Most started with a flaw in a minor component, an instrument that was out of order or not believed, a poor procedure, or a failure to follow procedures or good engineering practice. For want of a nail, the battle was lost. 

Most or the incidents described were the result or not rollowing good engineering practice. Some violated the law, and many more would if they occurred today. In the United States, they would violate OSHA 1910.147 (1990) on The Control of Hazardous Energy (Lock Out/Tag Out) and the Process Safety Management (PSM) Law (OSHA 1910.119, in force since 1992). which applies to listed chemicals above a threshold quantity. The PSM Law requires companies to follow good engineering practice, codes, industry consensus standards, and even the company s owm standards. OSHA could view failure to follow any of these as violations. 

Documentation that equipment complies with recognized and generally accepted good engineering practices... 

Vibration Frequency, Hz Note Indicated vibration iimits are for average piping systems constructed in accordance with good engineering practices. Make addi-tionai aiiowances for criticai appiications, unreinforced branch connections, etc. 

Installations that have sharp turns, shut-off, flow-control valves, or undersized pipe on the suction-side of the pump are prone to chronic performance problems. Such deviations from good engineering practices result in turbulent suction flow and cause hydraulic instability that severely restricts pump performance. 

This procedure is based on the use of checklists which are applied to every stage of process design and operation to ensure compliance with standards, codes, good engineering practices, and well defined operating procedures. In this way, prior experiences can be implemented and used to prevent recurrence of incidents that may have happened in die past. Examples of checklists can be found in [2,3,251]. 

In design it is typical that the same mistakes are done again since the use of available information is not organized. The use of case-based reasoning enhances the reuse of available experience, which reduces the possibility that the same errors are done more than once. In this work CBR was used for the evaluation of the inherent safety of process structure. The casebase was collected from design standards, accident documents and good engineering practice. 

Clearly the primary duty is good engineering practice, which is covered especially in Chapter 9. Often, however, additional security is provided in the following form ... 

Ohmic losses. The finite resistance of the electrolyte, the substrate and the membrane used in a fuel cell will induce a supplementary loss in efficiency. This reduction becomes severe at higher current densities since the power loss is proportional to the square of the current density. The solutions to this problem rely greatly on good engineering practice and on a fundamental understanding of the type of electrode used. 

Good engineering practices in the design of equipment and facilities... 

There will be a small loss in motor efficiency, by using an oversized motor. As process operators and engineers, we can ignore this effect. It is good engineering practice to purchase new motors for the maximum-size impeller that can be installed in a pump. 

User requirement specifications cover more aspects than only the GMP requirement, because the URS is not written only for the validation procedure in fact, a URS is a very important project document covering technical as well as economic requirements of the technical system. Pharmaceutical manufacturing departments not only check the GMP aspects of a system additionally, following good engineering practice they will review the technical and economic aspects of a technical system. Obviously, the more experience a company gains, the more comprehensive a URS become. Past experiences such as project faults, inefficient technical systems, and bad commissioning can be included in a URS. 

Furthermore, the ISPE Baseline Guide, Commissioning and Qualification [5] emphasises the need to undertake qualification practices only for equipment and system component parts and functions that could directly impact quality attributes of a product or process. Other components and functions are to be dealt with under good engineering practice (GEP) [3,5] throughout the system life cycle, undergoing an appropriate level of documented commissioning. 

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